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Hadal trenches—the deepest part of the oceans—are biogeochemically more dynamic and diverse environments than previously suggested, according to in-situ measurements of benthic oxygen uptake rate.
An unsolved fatal accident of 9 Russian mountaineers in the northern Urals in 1959 can be explained by a slab avalanche released due to a slope cut to install the tent and wind-blown snow accumulation affected by an irregular topography, according to analytical and numerical models.
Urban spaces across the United States have developed similarly between 1910 and 2010 by most metrics, however, shape- and structure-related characteristics have developed along more complex trajectories, according to data-driven statistical analyses
Atomic oxygen concentrations in the upper atmosphere can be measured directly with an airborne terahertz heterodyne spectrometer. This approach is probably more accurate than indirect estimates from photochemical models, according to a comparison of the two methods.
Ensemble simulations of regional climate exhibit phases with trajectories either staying close, or strongly diverging. These phases are found to be the same in two different ensembles, one with slightly shifted initial dates and another executed on different platforms.
A nuclear conflict could lead to global cooling followed by a large and sustained El Niño-like response in the tropical Pacific region, according to an evaluation of six scenarios for nuclear conflict with an Earth system model.
Fine-scale, direct measurements of shoaling internal solitary waves reveal that convective breaking and collapse of Kelvin–Helmholtz billows often occur simultaneously and generate turbulence four orders of magnitude larger than in the open ocean.
Naturally occurring poirierite is identified in three shocked meteorites where it probably formed as a metastable phase during rapid phase transitions between olivine and its high-pressure polymorphs, according to high-resolution crystallographic analyses
The 2019 Le Teil earthquake caused shaking and ground acceleration exceeding gravity and far greater than the levels expected for such a moderate sized earthquake, according to a combination of numerical predictions and in-situ observations.
Conjugate faulting and seismic velocity structure reveal the fine-scale complexity of fault growth on a young system that may be facilitated by diffusion of crustal fluids, according to a micro-earthquake catalogue from a hyperdense seismic network.
Integrating uncertainties using insights from both observations and models narrows the range on the remaining carbon budget for 1.5 °C, as well as the transient climate response to cumulative CO2 emissions.
Planet Mercury’s radius probably reduced by no more than 2 km since the Late Heavy Bombardment, with a strong hemispheric dichotomy in contractional strain, suggesting the loss of interior heat over time is less than expected for a small rocky body
High vertical variation in englacial debris concentration is found in four 150 m-deep borehole optical televiewer logs in Khumbu Glacier, Nepal, with vertically averaged englacial debris concentrations of up to 6.4% by volume towards the terminus.
Hotspots of critical water usage along the global supply chain for a lithium-ion battery storage are mainly associated with mining activities, for example of lithium, aluminium and copper, according to a spatially explicit life cycle impact assessment.
Changes in monthly temperature extremes are governed by mean climate warming, whereas changes in monthly precipitation extremes respond more to changes in variability, suggest analyses of large-ensemble climate simulations.
Information on the initial chemical nature of Archean organic materials can survive in rocks despite a complex geological history, according to spatially resolved chemical analyses of 3.4-billion-year old organic films.
The seasonal evolution of the Afro-Asian monsoon system from the continents to oceanic regions has changed through the Holocene due to variation in seasonal insolation resulting from orbital forcing, according to a data-model synthesis.
Total erupted volume and umbrella cloud radius can inform estimates of eruption characteristics and volcanic explosivity more reliably than column height or volume alone, according to simulations of the eruption of Pululagua, Ecuador, 2,450 years ago.
Mineral dust deposited over the western Amazon region through the Holocene is not limited to a Saharan source and instead has diverse origins, according to geochemical fingerprinting of dust from lacustrine deposits.
Ground deformation and a sudden acceleration of movement in the final two months preceded the catastrophic collapse of the Brumadinho Tailings Dam in Brazil, according to advanced analyses of InSAR remote sensing data.