Abstract
Dative bonds between p- and d-block atoms are common but species containing a double dative bond, which donate two-electron pairs to the same acceptor, are far less common. The synthesis of complexes between UCl4 and carbodiphosphoranes (CDP), which formally possess double dative bonds Cl4U⇇CDP, is reported in this paper. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the uranium−carbon distances are in the range of bond lengths for uranium−carbon double bonds. A bonding analysis suggests that the molecules are uranium−carbone complexes featuring divalent carbon(0) ligands rather than uranium−carbene species. The complexes represent rare examples with a double dative bond in f-block chemistry. Our study not only introduces the concept of double dative bonds between carbones and f-block elements but also opens an avenue for the construction of other complexes with double dative bonds, thus providing new opportunities for the applications of f-block compounds.
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Introduction
Understanding the nature of chemical bonding is of great importance, especially for the bonding of carbon with other elements1,2,3,4. Usually, carbon uses all of its four valence electrons to form stable tetravalent carbon(IV) species. Since the first stable singlet carbene at room temperature was isolated by Bertrand and coworkers3, divalent carbon(II) chemistry, such as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)6,7,8,9 and cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes10,11,12,13, has flourished. Carbenes, CR2, which contain one lone electron pair, can coordinate to numerous main group atoms and d-block or even f-block elements forming stable species via a single dative bond. If all four carbon valence electrons are retained as two-electron pairs, divalent carbon(0) compounds CL2 (“carbones”) are formed14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25. Thus, the fundamental difference between a carbene CR2 and a carbone CL2 is the number of electron lone-pairs that may serve as donors: carbenes are two-electron (single lone-pair) donors while carbones are four-electron (double lone-pair) donors. Although the first divalent carbon(0) species9, carbodiphosphorane (CDP), was reported already in 1961, the actual bonding situation was not fully understood until a theoretical study appeared in 2006 by Frenking and coworkers27,28,29. They showed that CDP can be considered as two phosphine ligands coordinated to a carbon atom in the excited 1D state with two lone electron pairs, which remain available for both σ- and π-donation simultaneously13. There are numerous complexes in which carbones bind to two acceptors31,32,33. In contrast, examples containing a double dative bond, which donates two lone electron pairs to the same acceptor are rare34,35,36,37. A comparative experimental work showed that carbenes and carbones exhibit distinctively different complexation behavior due to the varying number of lone-pair orbitals32. The chemistry of divalent carbon(0) has been focused mainly on main group compounds and transition metal element complexes. The bonding motif between divalent carbon(0) and f-block elements has received less attention. Since uranium plays fascinating roles in energy and catalysis research38,39,40,41,42,43, it is important to isolate species containing a new uranium−carbon bond, which could provide a deeper understanding of the nature of chemical bonding between main group elements and f-block metals.
In this paper, we report a set of complexes that possess a double dative bond between carbon and uranium. The complexes were obtained by the reaction of different CDPs with uranium tetrachloride (UCl4). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction reveals that the molecules possess rather short uranium−carbon bonds. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm the double dative bond feature between carbon and uranium. The results of this study could be useful for the design of other compounds containing f-block atoms that exhibit double dative bonds between the metal and carbone ligands, and could provide new opportunities for the applications of f-block elements in catalysis or in the activation of small molecules.
Results
Synthesis and characterization
We first designed and prepared a new tridentate CDP precursor, 1-(PF6)2, with two 2-(pyridyl)diphenylphosphine units (see Supplementary Methods). The corresponding CDP-UCl4 adduct (2) was readily synthesized by the deprotonation of compound 1-(PF6)2 with NaHMDS and subsequent reaction in situ of the resulting CDP with UCl4 (Fig. 1a). Complex 2 was isolated in 66% yield as yellow-green crystals after recrystallization at ‒35 °C overnight. The crystalline form of 2 shows low solubility in most organic solvents and easily decomposes to the free ligand. Consequently, the 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum shows two equivalent phosphine signals at ‒215.87 ppm for complex 2 along with the signal for 1 (Supplementary Fig. 1). The 1H NMR spectrum of complex 2 exhibits a broad range of peaks from +14.19 to −41.54 ppm (Supplementary Fig. 2).
The solid-state structure of 2 was confirmed by an analysis of its X-ray diffraction pattern (Fig. 2a). The uranium atom adopts a twisted pentagonal bipyramidal geometry in which both pyridyl ligands are coordinated to the uranium center forming two five-membered rings. The average U−N and U−Cl bond lengths are 2.604(5) Å and 2.648(2) Å, respectively. The bond length of U1−C1 was found to be 2.471(7) Å, which is obviously shorter than the U−C bond distances found in the adducts of NHC with uranium (2.573 Å−2.788 Å) (based on a search of the Cambridge Structural Database, CSD version 5.39 (updates 2017)). This U−C bond length in complex 2 (2.471(7) Å) is in the range of U(IV)=C double bond distances (2.310 Å−2.578 Å) in complexes with bis(iminophosphorano)methandiide as ligands (based on a search of the Cambridge Structural Database, CSD version 5.39 (updates 2017)). An alternative description of 2 with a double bond between uranium and carbon is provided by the resonance structure 2b (Fig. 1d). This depicts a carbon(IV) atom with an electron-sharing U=C double bond in which uranium has a formal charge of −2. Analysis of the bonding suggests that 2a is the dominant resonance form contributing to the bonding situation.
The short U−C bond in complex 2 prompted us to appraise uranium−carbon multiple bond chemistry44,45,46. The first uranium carbene was reported in 1981, and was stabilized by a phosphorus substituent29. Subsequently, various species containing a uranium carbon double bond with one or two phosphorus substituents on the carbene carbon were reported48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63. Interestingly, most of the reported uranium carbenes utilize tridentate chelating methanediide ligands47–64]. Indeed, some of the uranium carbene species in the literature might be considered to contain non-negligible carbone character in their bonding49,56,54. In addition, species containing a U−C double bond, triple bond, or even quadruple bond were identified by matrix infrared spectroscopy and/or relativistic density functional calculations64,65,66,67,68,69. Very recently, a diuranium carbide cluster (U=C=U) was also stabilized inside a C80 fullerene cage50.
In order to investigate the effect of CDP ligands on the bonding between divalent carbon(0) and uranium, analogous bidentate and monodentate CDP precursors 3-(Br)2 and 5-(Br)2 were synthesized. As shown in Fig. 1b, c, treatment of UCl4 with the CDP ligands, generated by the in situ deprotonation of 3-(Br)2 and 5-(Br)2 with NaHMDS in THF, resulted in the formation of CDP-UCl4 adducts 4 and 6 in 52% and 59% crystalline yields, respectively, after recrystallization at −35 °C. Both crystals of complexes 4 and 6 totally decomposed after re-dissolved in common solvents. Fortunately, the 31P NMR spectrum of complex 4 was recorded from the in situ reaction solutions. The signals of two nonequivalent phosphorus centers in this species were observed at ‒125.51 and ‒155.13 ppm (Supplementary Fig. 3). Complex 6 represents an unusual non-chelated species with a double dative bond between carbon and an f-block element compared with reported work47,48,67, but its stability is significantly lower than that of chelating complexes 2 and 4.
The crystal structure of complex 4 (Fig. 2b) reveals a U1−C1 bond distance of 2.461(5) Å, which compares well with that found in complex 2. The bond distances of U1−N1 (2.537(4) Å) and average U−Cl (2.595(2) Å) in 4 were slightly shorter than those observed in complex 2. The pyridyl unit coordinates with uranium center to form a five-membered ring, generating a distorted octahedral configuration. An X-ray study of 6 showed the uranium to have a distorted octahedral structure, concerning a weak interaction between the uranium center and a phenyl carbon atom, with a U1−C1 bond length of 2.411(3) Å (Fig. 2c). The bond lengths of U1−C1 in all these complexes are obviously shorter than the U−C distances (2.573 Å−2.788 Å) typically observed in NHC-uranium adducts. These data suggest that the bond between the divalent carbon(0) of CDP and the uranium is a multiple bond.
The recording of reliable absorption spectra of these complexes is prevented by their poor stability in solution. Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra demonstrated bands at 690 cm−1 for 2, 687 cm−1 for 4, and 686 cm−1 for 6, respectively. These data match excellently with those computed for U–C stretching (674 cm−1 for 2, 673 cm−1 for 4, and 671 cm−1 for 6, Supplementary Table 3), suggesting the intrinsic double dative bond between uranium center and carbone carbon atom. Furthermore, variable-temperature magnetic measurements were used to characterize these species in the solid state. The magnetic moment of 2 at 300 K is approximately 3.81 μB, which is slightly higher than the expected value (3.58 μB) for the 3H4 ground state of f2 uranium(IV). Upon cooling, the magnetic moments decrease smoothly to 0.37 μB at 1.8 K and tending to zero (Fig. 3 and Supplementary Figs. 4-6). The magnetic moments and trends of 4 and 6 are similar to those of 2, which are consistent with uranium(IV) centers in those species. The uranium(IV) centers in these complexes were further confirmed by the field-dependent magnetization data collected at 1.8 K (Supplementary Figs. 7–9).
Theoretical studies
DFT calculations were performed to elucidate the bonding situation in 2, 4, and 6. The geometries of these species were optimized at the BP86-D3(BJ)/def2-TZVPP/Stuttgart RSC ECP level using scalar-relativistic effective core potentials for uranium (see Supplementary Methods). Calculations at various spin states suggest that 2, 4, and 6 have an electronic triplet ground state. Calculated structures at the electronic singlet and quintet state are much higher in energy (Supplementary Fig. 10). The calculated bond lengths and angles of the three complexes are in good agreement with the experimental data (Fig. 2). The differences between theory and experiment are within the range of solid-state effects and the accuracy of the methods.
We calculated the bond strength of the uranium−carbon bonds in 2, 4, and 6. The theoretically predicted bond dissociation energies (BDEs) suggest (reactions 1−3) that the introduction of pyridine substituents for phenyl enhances the bond strength, which can be explained with the contribution of the N → U dative bonds to the uranium-CDP bonds. The calculated BDE for 6 (De = 70.8 kcal mol−1) indicates that the unsupported U⇇C double donor bond is rather strong. Hayton and coworkers44 previously reported that the upper limit for the U=C BDE value in the related system is 90 kcal mol−1, which is in good agreement with our results. Nonetheless, the values are significantly lower than the BDE value of Ta=C (i.e., 126 kcal mol−1) in Ta=CHR(CH2R)3 (R = SiMe3)52. This shows the difference in bond strength between bonds involving an actinide and a formal carbone and those with a transition metal and a formal alkylidene.
The calculated spin densities in 2, 4, and 6 indicate that the unpaired electrons are localized mainly at the uranium atom (Supplementary Fig. 11). This agrees with the shape of the single occupied molecular orbitals (SOMO) and SOMO-1, which are also centered at uranium center (Supplementary Figs. 12-13). Figure 4 shows the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and HOMO-2 of complex 2, which may be identified with the π and σ dative bonds of Cl4⇇CDP. The related MOs of 4 and 6 are very similar; they are shown in Supplementary Figs. 12–13.
More detailed information about the nature of the Cl4U−CDP interactions is available from energy decomposition analysis with natural orbitals for chemical valence (EDA-NOCV) calculations of 2, 4, and 6 using the fragments (3A) UCl4 and singlet CDP with their frozen geometries of the complexes as interacting species. Further details about the method are given in Supplementary Methods. Table 1 shows the numerical results.
The intrinsic interactions energies ΔEint exhibit the same trend for the uranium−carbon bond strengths as the BDEs (2 > 4 > 6). Inspection of the attractive terms indicates that the dispersion make a non-negligible contribution between 10 and 15% of the total attraction. Furthermore, the uranium−carbon bonds possess a more electrostatic than covalent character as revealed by the relative strength of ΔEelstat and ΔEorb. The most important information comes from the breakdown of the total orbital (covalent) interactions into pairwise orbital contributions ΔEorb(x). The strongest interactions ΔEorb(1) and ΔEorb(2) are due to the σ and π components of the double donation Cl4U⇇CDP. The nature of the orbital interactions comes to the fore when inspecting the shapes of the associated deformation densities Δρ(1) and Δρ(2) in 6, which are shown in Fig. 5a. There is clearly a charge donation from the σ and π lone-pair electrons on carbon to the uranium atom. The next strongest interactions ΔEorb(3) and ΔEorb(4) come from the singly occupied orbitals, which involves some further donation from the CDP ligand to uranium. The remaining orbital terms are mainly due to polarization within the fragments.
Figure 5b shows the deformation densities Δρ of the four strongest pairwise orbital interactions in complex 2. The stabilization energies ΔEorb(1) and ΔEorb(2) are again due to the σ and π components of the double donation Cl4U⇇CDP. The shape of Δρ(3) and Δρ(4) suggest that ΔEorb(3) and ΔEorb(4) are associated with the additional N → U donation of the pyridine ligands, which have a similar strength as the Cl4U ← CDP σ donation. In summary, the EDA-NOCV calculations strongly suggest that the CDP units in 2, 4, and 6 serve as double donor ligands toward uranium. A previous study by Liddle and coworkers reported a gallium-uranium complex with a U⇐Ga σ and π bond53. They wrote that “π donation by carbene-type fragments may be more widespread than previously recognized”. Here we report an example where the ligand is a carbone CL2.
In order to identify the valence atomic orbitals of uranium, which serve as acceptor orbitals for the donor−acceptor interaction with the CDP ligands, we carried out natural bond orbital (NBO) calculations of 2, 4, and 6. Supplementary Fig. 14 shows the shape of two natural bond orbitals that can easily be identified with the σ and π bonds in Cl4U⇇CDP. Both bonds are strongly polarized toward the carbon end, which agrees with the findings of Liddle and coworkers in the uranium complexes employing methanediide ligand54. Table 2 shows the numerical results of the NBO calculations. Inspection of the hybridization at uranium reveals that the σ and π acceptor orbitals are mainly composed of 5f and 6d atomic orbitals, with the former being the larger component. Specifically the U−C σ-bond and π-bonds in 2 are polarized with 83% and 91% at the carbon, respectively, which strongly supports the notation of carbon as double donor. The uranium part of the U−C σ-bond has 52% f and 39% d character. The NBO data for 4 and 6 are very similar to those of complex 2.
The natural charges and bond orders are provided in Supplementary Table 4 where the charge distribution indicates that 0.64 (2), 0.52 (4) and 0.50 (6) e− are transferred from CDP to UCl4 fragment. Therefore, the ligand behavior of CDP is significantly enhanced in the presence of the two pyridyl rings. The C1 center still carries a quite large negative charge (−1.39 to −1.43 e−) and this might be due to the significant contribution from its dipolar resonance form and/or the electron density accumulation resulting from an electron transfer from PR3 to C1. In principle, both are responsible in varying degrees. The Nalewajski-Mrozek bond order (NMBO)74,75,76,77, which represents the combined covalent and ionic bond order, has been previously reported to be very well correlated with the U=C bond description. In our study, the NMBO of 2, 4, and 6 was computed as 1.30, 1.34, and 1.41, respectively, indicating the double bond character therein.
Finally, the results of quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) analysis are provided in Table 3. Note that for covalent bonds, ∇2ρ(rc) is usually negative; however, this criterion often fails for the bonds involving heavier elements. This is because ∇2ρ(rc) derives from the three curvature values (λ1, λ2 and λ3) where first two terms are negative but λ3 is positive. For heavier elements, λ3 term often dominates over the other two terms making the overall ∇2ρ(rc) value positive. For these cases, the use of H(rc) is recommended which is usually negative for covalent bonds. In the present cases, although ∇2ρ(rc) is positive, the corresponding H(rc) values are negative for U−C1 and U−N bonds. Moreover, the H(rc) value in the former bond is considerably more negative than that in the latter one, indicating stronger covalent interaction in the former case. The weak interaction of the U−C2 (phenyl carbon) bond in 6 is reflected from the positive H(rc) value (Supplementary Fig. 15). We have also computed ellipticity of electron density (ε(rc)) at the BCP of U−C1 bond. In general, for a single bond (σ) and triple bond (σ+2π) which have cylindrical contours of ρ, the corresponding ε(rc) value is approximately zero, whereas for a double bond (σ+π), because of the asymmetric distribution of ρ in perpendicular to the bond path the ε(rc) value is greater than zero58. In the present complexes, the ε(rc) value turned out as 0.09 (2), 0.12 (4) and 0.11(6). Although these values reflect slight perturbation from an ideal single bond, they are significantly smaller than the other corresponding values reported for U=C bonds in chelated complexes which range from 0.22 to 0.5258. Therefore, the ellipticity data do not clearly corroborate with the outcome from the NBO and EDA-NOCV analyses. Perhaps, this might be due to the very polarized nature of the double dative bonds.
Discussion
We have prepared a set of complexes formed between CDP ligands and UCl4, which contain double dative bonds between carbon and uranium. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis revealed a short uranium−carbon bond in these species. Theoretical calculations suggest that the nature of the bond between the carbon of CDP and uranium is a double dative bond. Both of the σ and π dative bonds in Cl4U⇇CDP are strongly polarized toward the carbon. Therefore, the concept of a double dative bond between carbon and f-block elements has been proposed. This finding shows that the carbones could serve as an effective ligand for the synthesis of f-block species with a double dative bond. These complexes reported herein further strengthen our understanding of the bonding between carbon and uranium, and thus the double dative bond might be a more general bonding motif in f-block chemistry. Our further studies will focus on the synthesis of other f-block species containing a double dative bond employ carbones as ligands, as well as investigations of their applications in small molecule activation.
Methods
General considerations
Experiments were performed under an N2 atmosphere using standard Schlenk-line and glove-box techniques. All solvents and reagents were dried and deoxygenated before use, using a solvent purification system. See the Supplementary Methods for detailed experimental procedures, crystallographic (Supplementary Tables 1-2), and computational analyses (Supplementary Dataset and Supplementary Tables 3-4).
Preparation of 2
NaHMDS (0.2 mL, 2 M in THF, 0.4 mmol) was added to an off-white suspension of ligand 1-(PF6)2 (166 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF. The resultant yellowish brown solution was stirred at RT for 2 h. Subsequently, a pre-cooled THF solution of UCl4 (76 mg, 0.2 mmol) was added. A yellowish green precipitate formed immediately upon addition of UCl4. The suspension was stirred for another 1 h and then filtered through Celite and washed with THF (5 mL × 3). The residue was then dissolved in dichloromethane and the resultant yellowish green solution was concentrated to ca. 5 mL and cooled at –35 °C overnight to afford yellow-green crystals. Once obtained as crystalline material, 2 is insoluble in aromatic and aliphatic solvents, and consequently a satisfactory 13C NMR spectrum was not available. However, in dichloromethane-d2, complex 2 decomposes slowly, allowing for 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopic measurement. Crystalline yield: 122 mg, 66%. 1H-NMR (CD2Cl2, 298 K, 400 MHz): δ 14.19 (s), 9.71 (s), 8.79 (s), −7.35 (s), and −41.54 (s) ppm. 31P{1H}-NMR (CD2Cl2, 298 K, 162.0 MHz): −215.87 (s) ppm. Anal. Calcd. for C35H28Cl4N2P2U: C 45.77; H 3.07; N 3.05. Found: C 45.91; H 3.03; N 3.01. FTIR ν/cm−1 (Nujol): 1573 (w), 1438 (s), 1216 (w), 1106 (s), 989 (m), 918 (w), 787 (w), 770 (w), 743 (s), 690 (s), 561 (w), 530 (m), 495 (m).
Preparation of 4
A white suspension of 3-(Br)2 (141 mg, 0.2 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was treated with 0.2 mL NaHMDS (2 M in THF, 0.4 mmol). The resultant yellow suspension was stirred at RT for 2 h and then filtered. The filtrate was concentrated to ca. 5 mL and a cold solution of UCl4 (76 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The resultant mixture was stirred at RT for another 1 h before filtration, generating a yellowish green suspension. The residue was washed by toluene (5 mL × 3) and then dissolved in DCM. The green filtrate was concentrated and kept at −35 °C overnight to afford yellowish green micro crystalline product. The crystals were collected and washed with cold THF to afford complex 4 in 52% yield (95 mg). Once obtained as crystalline material from DCM, 4 is not soluble in aromatic and aliphatic solvents, and decomposes in polar solvents such as DCM. Alternatively, it was found that 4 could also crystalize from a mixture of deprotonated 3 and UCl4 in THF. Thus, the 31P NMR spectrum of 4 was attained by measuring the reaction mixture after 1 h in THF-d8. However, satisfactory 1H and 13C NMR spectra could not be obtained and a satisfactory electronic absorption spectrum is also not available for the same reason. 31P{1H}-NMR(THF-d8, 298 K, 162 MHz): δ –125.51 (d, J = 2 Hz), –155.13 ppm (d, J = 2.2 Hz). Anal. Calcd. for C36H29Cl4NP2U: C 47.13; H 3.19; N 1.53. Found: C 46.74; H 3.51; N 1.23. FTIR ν/cm−1 (Nujol): 1586 (w), 1439 (s), 1109 (m), 996 (w), 918 (s), 741 (s), 687 (m), 542 (w), 510 (w), 497 (w).
Preparation of 6
A white suspension of 5-(Br)2 (140 mg, 0.2 mmol) in toluene (10 mL) was treated with 0.2 mL NaHMDS (2 M in THF, 0.4 mmol). The resultant yellow suspension was stirred at RT for 2 h before filtration. The filtrate was concentrated to ca. 5 mL and a cold solution of UCl4 (76 mg, 0.2 mmol) in THF (5 mL) was added. The resultant mixture was stirred at RT for another 1 h, generating white precipitates. The solvent was removed in vacuo and the yellowish green residue was washed with toluene (5 mL × 3) and then dissolved in DCM and filtered. The green filtrate was concentrated and kept at −35 °C overnight to afford yellowish green microcrystals. Those crystals were collected and washed with cold THF to afford complex 6 in 59% yield (109 mg). Once obtained as crystalline material from DCM, 6 is not soluble in common organic solvent, and decomposes in THF and DCM. Attempts to characterize 6 from reaction mixtures in THF-d8 failed to obtain reliable information. Therefore, no spectral is available for complex 6. The reproducibility of the synthesis of complex 6 was assessed by solving and refining the data of single crystal collected from three independent syntheses. Those results were identical. Anal. Calcd. for C37H30Cl4P2U: C 48.49; H 3.30. Found: C 45.93; H 3.24. This complex consistently has low carbon content, possibly due to the high sensitivity. FTIR ν/cm−1 (Nujol): 1438 (s), 1109 (m), 996 (m), 918 (w), 797 (w), 736 (w), 686 (m), 559 (s), 542 (m), 499 (w).
Data availability
The X-ray crystallographic coordinates for structures reported in this study have been deposited at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC), under deposition numbers CCDC-1850097 (2), 1850102 (4), and 1850103 (6). These data can be obtained free of charge from The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif. The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 21772088 and 21703099), the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant Nos. BK20170635 and BK20170964), the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, the program of Jiangsu Specially-Appointed Professor, and the Young Elite Scientist Sponsorship Program of China Association of Science and Technology. S.P. thanks Nanjing Tech University for the postdoctoral fellowship and the High Performance Computing Center of Nanjing Tech University for supporting the computational resources. L.Z. and G.F. acknowledge financial support from Nanjing Tech University (Grant Nos. 39837123 and 39837132) and a SICAM Fellowship from Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials.
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C.Z., G.F. and L.Z. conceived this project. W.S. and X.S. performed the experiments and solved all the X-ray structures. C.Z. and W.S. analyzed the experimental data. S.P. conducted the theoretical calculations. L.Z. and G.F. analyzed the theoretical results. C.Z., L.Z. and G.F. drafted the paper with support from W.S. and S.W. All authors discussed the results and contributed to the preparation of the final manuscript.
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Su, W., Pan, S., Sun, X. et al. Double dative bond between divalent carbon(0) and uranium. Nat Commun 9, 4997 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07377-6
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07377-6
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