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Temporal imprecision of phase coherence in schizophrenia and psychosis—dynamic mechanisms and diagnostic marker

Molecular Psychiatry volume 29, pages 425–438 (2024)Cite this article

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Abstract

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a complex disorder in which various pathophysiological models have been postulated. Brain imaging studies using EEG/MEG and fMRI show altered amplitude and, more recently, decrease in phase coherence in response to external stimuli. What are the dynamic mechanisms of such phase incoherence, and can it serve as a differential-diagnostic marker? Addressing this gap in our knowledge, we uniquely combine a review of previous findings, novel empirical data, and computational-dynamic simulation. The main findings are: (i) the review shows decreased phase coherence in SCZ across a variety of different tasks and frequencies, e.g., task- and frequency-unspecific, which is further supported by our own novel data; (ii) our own data demonstrate diagnostic specificity of decreased phase coherence for SCZ as distinguished from major depressive disorder; (iii) simulation data exhibit increased phase offset in SCZ leading to a precision index, in the millisecond range, of the phase coherence relative to the timing of the external stimulus. Together, we demonstrate the key role of temporal imprecision in phase coherence of SCZ, including its mechanisms (phase offsets, precision index) on the basis of which we propose a phase-based temporal imprecision model of psychosis (PTP). The PTP targets a deeper dynamic layer of a basic disturbance. This converges well with other models of psychosis like the basic self-disturbance and time-space experience changes, as discussed in phenomenological and spatiotemporal psychopathology, as well as with the models of aberrant predictive coding and disconnection as in computational psychiatry. Finally, our results show that temporal imprecision as manifest in decreased phase coherence is a promising candidate biomarker for clinical differential diagnosis of SCZ, and more broadly, psychosis.

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Fig. 1: Intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) in two tasks and sensory modalities.
Fig. 2: Intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) decrease in deviant stimuli from an auditory oddball is specific to schizophrenia (SCZ) and not found in depression (MDD).
Fig. 3: Intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) is behaviorally relevant.
Fig. 4: Computational simulation of varying phase offsets in individual trials and their relationship to intertrial phase coherence (ITPC) computed over all trials.
Fig. 5: Precision index (PI) in three different datasets and tasks.

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    Annemarie Wolff & Georg Northoff

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AW and GN conceived of the presented idea. AW did the data analysis and performed the computations and modeling. GN wrote the sections regarding entrainment and clinical aspects, while AW wrote the methods and results. Both AW and GN wrote the introduction and discussion. Both authors discussed the results and contributed to the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Annemarie Wolff or Georg Northoff.

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Wolff, A., Northoff, G. Temporal imprecision of phase coherence in schizophrenia and psychosis—dynamic mechanisms and diagnostic marker. Mol Psychiatry 29, 425–438 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-023-02337-z

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