Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Article
  • Published:

Socio-demographic and trauma-related predictors of PTSD within 8 weeks of a motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study

Molecular Psychiatry volume 26, pages 3108–3121 (2021)Cite this article

Subjects

Abstract

This is the initial report of results from the AURORA multisite longitudinal study of adverse post-traumatic neuropsychiatric sequelae (APNS) among participants seeking emergency department (ED) treatment in the aftermath of a traumatic life experience. We focus on n = 666 participants presenting to EDs following a motor vehicle collision (MVC) and examine associations of participant socio-demographic and participant-reported MVC characteristics with 8-week posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) adjusting for pre-MVC PTSD and mediated by peritraumatic symptoms and 2-week acute stress disorder (ASD). Peritraumatic Symptoms, ASD, and PTSD were assessed with self-report scales. Eight-week PTSD prevalence was relatively high (42.0%) and positively associated with participant sex (female), low socioeconomic status (education and income), and several self-report indicators of MVC severity. Most of these associations were entirely mediated by peritraumatic symptoms and, to a lesser degree, ASD, suggesting that the first 2 weeks after trauma may be a uniquely important time period for intervening to prevent and reduce risk of PTSD. This observation, coupled with substantial variation in the relative strength of mediating pathways across predictors, raises the possibility of diverse and potentially complex underlying biological and psychological processes that remain to be elucidated with more in-depth analyses of the rich and evolving AURORA data.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

  • Purchase on Springer Link
  • Instant access to full article PDF
Buy now

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Roberts AL, Gilman SE, Breslau J, Breslau N, Koenen KC. Race/ethnic differences in exposure to traumatic events, development of post-traumatic stress disorder, and treatment-seeking for post-traumatic stress disorder in the United States. Psychol Med. 2011;41:71–83.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Santiago PN, Ursano RJ, Gray CL, Pynoos RS, Spiegel D, Lewis-Fernandez R, et al. A systematic review of PTSD prevalence and trajectories in DSM-5 defined trauma exposed populations: intentional and non-intentional traumatic events. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e59236.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Koenen KC, Ratanatharathorn A, Ng L, McLaughlin KA, Bromet EJ, Stein DJ, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the World Mental Health Surveys. Psychol Med. 2017;47:2260–74.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Kessler RC. Posttraumatic stress disorder: the burden to the individual and to society. J Clin Psychiatry. 2000;61:4–12.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Kessler RC, Sonnega A, Bromet E, Hughes M, Nelson CB. Posttraumatic stress disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1995;52:1048–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Boscarino JA. Posttraumatic stress disorder and mortality among U.S. Army veterans 30 years after military service. Ann Epidemiol. 2006;16:248–56.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Pacella ML, Hruska B, Delahanty DL. The physical health consequences of PTSD and PTSD symptoms: a meta-analytic review. J Anxiety Disord. 2013;27:33–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Atwoli L, Stein DJ, Koenen KC, McLaughlin KA. Epidemiology of posttraumatic stress disorder: prevalence, correlates and consequences. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2015;28:307–11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Dean KR, Hammamieh R, Mellon SH, Abu-Amara D, Flory JD, Guffanti G, et al. Multi-omic biomarker identification and validation for diagnosing warzone-related post-traumatic stress disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0496-z.

  10. McLean SA, Ressler KJ, Koenen KC, Neylan TC, Germine LT, Jovanovic T, et al. The AURORA study: a longitudinal, multimodal library of brain biology and function after traumatic stress exposure. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:283–96.

  11. Benjet C, Bromet E, Karam EG, Kessler RC, McLaughlin KA, Ruscio AM, et al. The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychol Med. 2016;46:327–43.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Kazantzis N, Kennedy-Moffat J, Flett RA, Petrik AM, Long NR, Castell B. Predictors of chronic trauma-related symptoms in a community sample of New Zealand motor vehicle accident survivors. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2012;36:442–64.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Stein DJ, Karam EG, Shahly V, Hill ED, King A, Petukhova M, et al. Post-traumatic stress disorder associated with life-threatening motor vehicle collisions in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. BMC Psychiatry. 2016;16:257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Vance MC, Kovachy B, Dong M, Bui E. Peritraumatic distress: a review and synthesis of 15 years of research. J Clin Psychol. 2018;74:1457–84.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. van der Velden PG, Wittmann L. The independent predictive value of peritraumatic dissociation for PTSD symptomatology after type I trauma: a systematic review of prospective studies. Clin Psychol Rev. 2008;28:1009–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Bryant RA. Acute stress disorder. Curr Opin Psychol. 2017;14:127–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. McLean SA, Kirsch NL, Tan-Schriner CU, Sen A, Frederiksen S, Harris RE, et al. Health status, not head injury, predicts concussion symptoms after minor injury. Am J Emerg Med. 2009;27:182–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Loftis KL, Price J, Gillich PJ. Evolution of the abbreviated injury scale: 1990–2015. Traffic Inj Prev. 2018;19:S109–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Farrar JT, Young JP Jr. LaMoreaux L, Werth JL, Poole RM. Clinical importance of changes in chronic pain intensity measured on an 11-point numerical pain rating scale. Pain. 2001;94:149–58.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Pennebaker JW, Watson D. The psychology of somatic symptoms. In: Kirmayer LJ, Robbins JM, editors. Current concepts of somatization: research and clinical perspectives. Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Association; 1991, pp 21–35.

  21. King NS, Crawford S, Wenden FJ, Moss NE, Wade DT. The Rivermead Post Concussion Symptoms Questionnaire: a measure of symptoms commonly experienced after head injury and its reliability. J Neurol. 1995;242:587–92.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Brunet A, Weiss DS, Metzler TJ, Best SR, Neylan TC, Rogers C, et al. The Peritraumatic Distress Inventory: a proposed measure of PTSD criterion A2. Am J Psychiatry. 2001;158:1480–5.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Michaels AJ, Michaels CE, Moon CH, Smith JS, Zimmerman MA, Taheri PA, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder after injury: impact on general health outcome and early risk assessment. J Trauma. 1999;47:460–7.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Zuromski KL, Ustun B, Hwang I, Keane TM, Marx BP, Stein MB, et al. Developing an optimal short-form of the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5). Depress Anxiety. 2019;36:790–800.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bovin MJ, Marx BP, Weathers FW, Gallagher MW, Rodriguez P, Schnurr PP, et al. Psychometric properties of the PTSD checklist for diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition (PCL-5) in veterans. Psychol Assess. 2016;28:1379–91.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Heron-Delaney M, Kenardy J, Charlton E, Matsuoka Y. A systematic review of predictors of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for adult road traffic crash survivors. Injury. 2013;44:1413–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Feinberg RK, Hu J, Weaver MA, Fillingim RB, Swor RA, Peak DA, et al. Stress-related psychological symptoms contribute to axial pain persistence after motor vehicle collision: path analysis results from a prospective longitudinal study. Pain. 2017;158:682–90.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Linnstaedt SD, Riker KD, Rueckeis CA, Kutchko KM, Lackey L, McCarthy KR, et al. A functional riboSNitch in the 3’ untranslated region of FKBP5 alters microRNA-320a binding efficiency and mediates vulnerability to chronic post-traumatic pain. J Neurosci. 2018;38:8407–20.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. National Center for Statistics and Analysis. Summary of motor vehicle crashes: 2016 data. (Traffic Safety Facts. Report No. DOT HS 812 580). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration; 2018.

  30. Platts-Mills TF, Hunold KM, Esserman DA, Sloane PD, McLean SA. Motor vehicle collision-related emergency department visits by older adults in the United States. Acad Emerg Med. 2012;19:821–7.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Benjet C, Bromet EJ, Cardoso G, et al. Trauma and PTSD in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Eur J Psychotraumatol. 2017;8:1353383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Lanius RA, Boyd JE, McKinnon MC, Nicholson AA, Frewen P, Vermetten E, et al. A review of the neurobiological basis of trauma-related dissociation and its relation to cannabinoid- and opioid-mediated stress response: a transdiagnostic, translational approach. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2018;20:118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Kessler RC, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Bromet EJ, Gureje O, Karam EG, et al. The associations of earlier trauma exposures and history of mental disorders with PTSD after subsequent traumas. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23:1892–9.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Lowe SR, Ratanatharathorn A, Lai BS, van der Mei W, Barbano AC, Bryant, RA, et al. Posttraumatic stress disorder symptom trajectories within the first year following emergency department admissions: pooled results from the international consortium to predict PTSD. Psychol Med. 2020; https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291719004008.

  35. Utzon-Frank N, Breinegaard N, Bertelsen M, Borritz M, Hurwitz Eller N, Nordentoft M, et al. Occurrence of delayed-onset post-traumatic stress disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2014;40:215–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Bryant RA, O’Donnell M, Creamer M, McFarlane AC, Silove D. A multisite analysis of the fluctuating course of posttraumatic stress disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2013;70:839–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

AURORA is supported by NIMH U01MH110925, the US Army Medical Research and Material Command, The One Mind Foundation, and The Mayday Fund. Verily Life Sciences and Mindstrong Health provide some of the hardware and software used to perform study assessments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Ronald C. Kessler, Irving Hwang & Nancy A. Sampson

  2. Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Kerry J. Ressler, Laura T. Germine, Diego A. Pizzagalli, Nathaniel G. Harnett & Lauren A. M. Lebois

  3. Division of Depression and Anxiety Disorders, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA

    Kerry J. Ressler, Nathaniel G. Harnett & Lauren A. M. Lebois

  4. Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Stacey L. House

  5. Department of Emergency Medicine, The Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

    Francesca L. Beaudoin

  6. Department of Health Services, Policy and Practice, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA

    Francesca L. Beaudoin

  7. Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, USA

    Francesca L. Beaudoin

  8. The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI, USA

    Francesca L. Beaudoin

  9. Institute for Trauma Recovery, Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Xinming An, Sarah D. Linnstaedt & Samuel A. McLean

  10. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Jennifer S. Stevens, Sanne J. van Rooij & Thaddeus W. W. Pace

  11. Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Donglin Zeng

  12. San Francisco VA Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Thomas C. Neylan

  13. Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Thomas C. Neylan

  14. Institute for Technology in Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA

    Laura T. Germine

  15. The Many Brains Project, Acton, MA, USA

    Laura T. Germine

  16. Department of Emergency Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Paul I. Musey Jr.

  17. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine -Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA

    Phyllis L. Hendry & Sophia Sheikh

  18. Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA

    Alan B. Storrow

  19. Department of Emergency Medicine, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA

    Christopher W. Jones

  20. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Brittany E. Punches

  21. University of Cincinnati College of Nursing, Cincinnati, OH, USA

    Brittany E. Punches

  22. Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Healthcare Network, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Elizabeth M. Datner

  23. Department of Emergency Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Elizabeth M. Datner

  24. Department of Internal Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Kamran Mohiuddin

  25. Department of Emergency Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Kamran Mohiuddin

  26. Department of Emergency Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

    Nina T. Gentile

  27. Department of Emergency Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Meghan E. McGrath

  28. Department of Emergency Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Lauren A. Hudak

  29. Emergency Medicine, Grady Memorial Hospital, Atlanta, GA, USA

    Lauren A. Hudak

  30. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA

    John P. Haran

  31. Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    David A. Peak

  32. Department of Emergency Medicine, Saint Joseph Mercy Hospital, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Robert M. Domeier

  33. Wayne State University Department of Emergency Medicine, Ascension St. John Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA

    Claire Pearson

  34. Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA

    Leon D. Sanchez

  35. Department of Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA

    Leon D. Sanchez

  36. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School-Baystate, Springfield, MA, USA

    Niels K. Rathlev

  37. Henry JN Taub Department of Emergency Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA

    William F. Peacock

  38. Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Steven E. Bruce

  39. National Center for PTSD at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA

    Mark W. Miller

  40. Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA

    Mark W. Miller

  41. Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

    Jutta Joormann

  42. Departments of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Psychiatry, and Radiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Deanna M. Barch

  43. Department of Neuroscience, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

    John F. Sheridan

  44. College of Dentistry Division of Bioscience, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

    John F. Sheridan

  45. Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA

    John F. Sheridan

  46. Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jordan W. Smoller

  47. Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA

    Jordan W. Smoller

  48. Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA

    Jordan W. Smoller

  49. Chronic Pain and Fatigue Research Center, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Steven E. Harte

  50. Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Steven E. Harte

  51. Department of Internal Medicine-Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA

    Steven E. Harte

  52. The Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Northern Clinical School, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

    James M. Elliott

  53. Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW, Australia

    James M. Elliott

  54. Physical Therapy & Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA

    James M. Elliott

  55. Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA

    Karestan C. Koenen

  56. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA

    Samuel A. McLean

Authors
  1. Ronald C. Kessler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kerry J. Ressler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Stacey L. House
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Francesca L. Beaudoin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Xinming An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jennifer S. Stevens
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Donglin Zeng
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Thomas C. Neylan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Sarah D. Linnstaedt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Laura T. Germine
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Paul I. Musey Jr.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Phyllis L. Hendry
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Sophia Sheikh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Alan B. Storrow
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Christopher W. Jones
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Brittany E. Punches
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  17. Elizabeth M. Datner
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  18. Kamran Mohiuddin
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  19. Nina T. Gentile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  20. Meghan E. McGrath
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  21. Sanne J. van Rooij
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  22. Lauren A. Hudak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  23. John P. Haran
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  24. David A. Peak
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  25. Robert M. Domeier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  26. Claire Pearson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  27. Leon D. Sanchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  28. Niels K. Rathlev
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  29. William F. Peacock
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  30. Steven E. Bruce
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  31. Mark W. Miller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  32. Jutta Joormann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  33. Deanna M. Barch
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  34. Diego A. Pizzagalli
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  35. John F. Sheridan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  36. Jordan W. Smoller
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  37. Thaddeus W. W. Pace
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  38. Steven E. Harte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  39. James M. Elliott
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  40. Nathaniel G. Harnett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  41. Lauren A. M. Lebois
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  42. Irving Hwang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  43. Nancy A. Sampson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  44. Karestan C. Koenen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  45. Samuel A. McLean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ronald C. Kessler.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

JME reports support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through Grant Numbers R01HD079076 & R03HD094577: Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health & Human Development; National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research. WFP is supported by research grants from Abbott, Boehringer Ingelheim, Braincheck, CSL Behring, Daiichi-Sankyo, Immunarray, Janssen, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Portola, Relypsa, Roche. He has served as a consultant for Abbott, Astra-Zeneca, Bayer, Beckman, Boehrhinger-Ingelheim, Ischemia Care, Dx, Immunarray, Instrument Labs, Janssen, Nabriva, Ortho Clinical Diagnostics, Relypsa, Roche, Quidel, Salix, Siemens. He has also provided expert testimony for Johnson and Johnson. He owns stock or has ownership interest in AseptiScope Inc, Brainbox Inc, Comprehensive Research Associates LLC, Emergencies in Medicine LLC, Ischemia DX LLC. Over the past three years, DAP has received consulting fees from Akili Interactive Labs, BlackThorn Therapeutics, Boehringer Ingelheim, Posit Science, and Takeda Pharmaceuticals, as well as an honorarium from Alkermes for activities unrelated to the current project. LTG is on the scientific advisory board of the nonprofit Sage Bionetworks, for which she receives a small honorarium. She is also a consultant with 23andme, Inc. CWJ reports no direct conflicts related to this paper, and no ongoing conflicts. He has been an investigator on studies funded by Hologic Inc, Janssen, and AstraZeneca, for which his department has received research funding. NGH reports support from NIMH through grant number K00MH119603. LAML reports support from NIH/NIMH through grant K01MH118467. In the past 3 years, RCK received support for his epidemiological studies from Sanofi Aventis; was a consultant for Datastat, Inc., Johnson & Johnson Wellness and Prevention, Sage Pharmaceuticals, Shire, and Takeda. KJR has served on advisory boards for Takeda, Resilience Therapeutics, Janssen and Verily/Google. His research has been sponsored by Alkermes and Brainsway and he has worked as a consultant for Alkermes. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Additional information

Publisher’s note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary information

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kessler, R.C., Ressler, K.J., House, S.L. et al. Socio-demographic and trauma-related predictors of PTSD within 8 weeks of a motor vehicle collision in the AURORA study. Mol Psychiatry 26, 3108–3121 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00911-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00911-3

This article is cited by

Search

Advanced search

Quick links