Skip to main content

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

  • Opinion
  • Published:

The role of organizational culture in compliance with the principles of the 3Rs

Abstract

In order for their research to be legitimate, scientists carrying out research using animals must comply with rules and regulations. The 3Rs (replacement, reduction and refinement) are one set of guidelines that help to promote the ethical use of animals for research. An important question is whether implementing the principles of the 3Rs in legal regulations, such as a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes, will increase compliance with the principles of the 3Rs in research organizations. Previous work suggests that organizational culture is just as important for directing behavior as are formalized rules and regulations. This article introduces the concepts of compliance and organizational culture and discusses their consequences on the implementation of the principles of the 3Rs.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution

Access options

Buy this article

Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout

References

  1. Wayner, C.J. & Heinke, M.L. Compliance: crafting quality care. Vet. Clin. North Am. Small Anim. Pract. 36, 419–436, vii–viii (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Suchman, M.C. Managing legitimacy: strategic and institutional approaches. Acad. Manage. Rev. 20, 571–610 (1995).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Jefcoat, A.M. The 'Triad of Noncompliance' as a tool for understanding, preventing and correcting protocol and procedural noncompliance. Lab Anim. (NY) 37, 459–463 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Brinkmann, J. & Ims, K. Good intentions aside: drafting a functionalist look at codes of ethics. Business Ethics 12, 265–274 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Russell, W.M.S. & Burch, R.L. The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique (Methuen, London, 1959).

    Google Scholar 

  6. Swedish Research Council. Public Opinion in Sweden on the Use of Animals in Research (Swedish Research Council, Stockholm, 2008).

  7. EEC. Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2010 on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Official Journal of the European Communities L276, 33–79 (1986).

  8. Institute for Laboratory Animal Research. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals 8th edn. (National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2010).

  9. Peters, T. & Waterman Jr., R.H. In Search of Excellence: Lessons from America's Best-Run Companies 55–86 (Collins Business Essentials, New York, 2006).

    Google Scholar 

  10. Schein, E.H. Part One: Organizational culture and leadership defined. in Organizational Culture and Leadership 3rd edn. 3–84 (Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 2004).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Sturdee, D.W. The importance of patient education in improving compliance. Climacteric 3 Suppl 2, 9–13 (2000).

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. van Eijken, M., Tsang, S., Wensing, M., de Smet, P.A. & Grol, R.P. Interventions to improve medication compliance in older patients living in the community: a systematic review of the literature. Drugs Aging 20, 229–240 (2003).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Bissell, P., May, C.R. & Noyce, P.R. From compliance to concordance: barriers to accomplishing a re-framed model of health care interactions. Soc. Sci. Med. 58, 851–862 (2004).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Vermeire, E., Hearnshaw, H., Van Royen, P. & Denekens, J. Patient adherence to treatment: three decades of research. A comprehensive review. J. Clin. Pharm. Ther. 26, 331–342 (2001).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Barber, N. Should we consider non-compliance a medical error? Qual. Saf. Health Care 11, 81–84 (2002).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Langer, E.J. Mindfulness 1–41 (Perseus Books, Reading, MA, 1989).

    Google Scholar 

  17. Fuertes, J.N. et al. The physician-patient working alliance. Patient Educ. Couns. 66, 29–36 (2007).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Rapoff, M.A. & Barnard, M.U. Compliance with pediatric medical regimens. in Patient Compliance in Medical Practice and Clinical Trials (eds. Cramer, J.A. & Spilker, B.) (Raven., New York, 1991).

    Google Scholar 

  19. Haukelid, K. Theories of (safety) culture revisited—An anthropological approach. Saf. Sci. 46, 413–426 (2008).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Bloch, M.E.F. Language, Anthropology and cognitive science. in How We Think They Think: Anthropological Approaches to Cognition, Memory, and Literacy 3–21 (Westview, Boulder, CO, 1998).

    Google Scholar 

  21. Argyris, C. & Schön, D.A. Organizational Learning: A Theory of Action Perspective (Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA, 1978).

    Google Scholar 

  22. Bartel, C.A. & Garud, R. The role of narratives in sustaining organizational innovation. Organ. Sci. 20, 107–177 (2009).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Løvset, J. & Brandstrup, E. Lærebok i obstetrikk for jordmødre 54–56 (Aschehoug, Oslo, Norway, 1959).

    Google Scholar 

  24. Weber, R., Ramos-Cabrer, P., Wiedermann, D., van Camp, N. & Hoehn, M. A fully noninvasive and robust experimental protocol for longitudinal fMRI studies in the rat. Neuroimage 29, 1303–1310 (2006).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Principles of Laboratory Animal Science: A Contribution to the Humane Use and Care of Animals and to the Quality of Experimental Results (eds. Van Zutphen, L.F.M., Baumans, V. & Beynen, A.C.) (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1993).

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aurora Brønstad.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing financial interests.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Brønstad, A., Berg, AG. The role of organizational culture in compliance with the principles of the 3Rs. Lab Anim 40, 22–26 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1038/laban0111-22

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/laban0111-22

This article is cited by

Search

Quick links

Nature Briefing

Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter — what matters in science, free to your inbox daily.

Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. Sign up for Nature Briefing