Abstract
HUGHES1 suggests that the observed expansion of the universe is only apparent, since the mass components of galactic clusters separate but the energy components approach one another. This is not so. Consider a small number of clusters, receding from each other. Photons emitted on the inward side of each cluster will approach photons from other clusters, and perhaps, as Hughes suggests, condense together under gravitational attraction. In any event, there is a limit to their mutual closeness. Photons emitted on the outward sides of clusters, on the other hand, will move in the same direction as the cluster and so will continue to separate indefinitely. The mean positions of photons originating in these clusters will therefore separate as do the mean positions of the particles of mass >0. Eddington's objection is not disposed of.
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References
Hughes, J. L., Nature, 197, 441 (1963).
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Cox, W. Possible Applications of the Mass-energy Cycle on a Micro- and Macro-scopic Scale in the Universe. Nature 198, 772 (1963). https://doi.org/10.1038/198772a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/198772a0
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