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Atmospheric science is the study of the dynamics and chemistry of the layers of gas that surround the Earth, other planets and moons. This encompasses the interactions between various parts of the atmosphere as well as interactions with the oceans and freshwater systems, the biosphere and human activities.
The Arctic has warmed almost four times faster than the global average over the past four decades. This fourfold rate of warming is an extraordinary manifestation of natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.
The June 2023 marine heatwave over the northwest shelf of Europe developed rapidly with weak winds, strong insolation and low wave activity, and led to temperature records in northern Europe, according to an analysis of in situ measurements, satellite data and model simulations.
The 2021 Pacific Northwest Heatwave challenged standard attribution methods. The authors use a weather model that predicted the event to quantify human impact on the heat, suggesting that such models could be used broadly to assess changing weather risk.
Shipping fuel regulations in 2020 that reduced sulfur dioxide emissions by 80% led to substantial warming over parts of the oceans, according to simulations with Earth system, machine learning, and energy balance models, suggesting a termination shock after marine cloud geoengineering could be severe.
The Arctic has warmed almost four times faster than the global average over the past four decades. This fourfold rate of warming is an extraordinary manifestation of natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change.
Aerosol–cloud interactions are the largest uncertainty in radiative forcing. We combined machine learning and long-term satellite observations to quantify aerosol fingerprints on tropical marine clouds, using degassing volcanic events in Hawaii as natural experiences, and found that cloud cover increased relatively by 50% in humid and stable atmosphere, leading to strong cooling radiative forcing.