Abstract
Duplex RNAs complementary to messenger RNA inhibit translation in mammalian cells by RNA interference (RNAi). Studies have reported that RNAs complementary to promoter DNA also inhibit gene expression. Here we show that the human homologs of Argonaute-1 (AGO1) and Argonaute-2 (AGO2) link the silencing pathways that target mRNA with pathways mediating recognition of DNA. We find that synthetic antigene RNAs (agRNAs) complementary to transcription start sites or more upstream regions of gene promoters inhibit gene transcription. This silencing occurs in the nucleus, requires high promoter activity and does not necessarily require histone modification. AGO1 and AGO2 associate with promoter DNA in cells treated with agRNAs, and inhibiting expression of AGO1 or AGO2 reverses transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing. Our data indicate key linkages and important mechanistic distinctions between transcriptional and post-transcriptional silencing pathways in mammalian cells.
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Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the US National Institutes of Health (NIGMS 60642 and 73042 to D.R.C., CA 10151 to K.E.H. and SPORE CA70907 to J.D.M.), the High-Q Foundation, the Robert A. Welch Foundation (I-1244 to D.R.C.) and the Gillson Longenbough Foundation (to J.D.M.). We thank A. Khvorova and Y. Fedorov (Dharmacon) for providing the pooled RNAs needed to silence AGO2, V. Pashkov for help with the nuclear run-on assay and K. Morris for advice and encouragement.
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B.A.J., K.E.H, J.C.S and D.S.S. designed and performed experiments. R.R. and R.N. performed experiments. B.A.J., J.D.M. and D.R.C. supervised the experiments.
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Supplementary information
Supplementary Fig. 1
Western analysis showing inhibition of PR in MCF-7 cells by mismatch-containing RNA duplex MM1, agRNAs PR26 and PR24, and siRNAs PRrna1 and PRrna2. (PDF 71 kb)
Supplementary Fig. 2
Inhibition of AGO1 expression measured after a second transfection with an anti-Ago1 siRNA or a noncomplementary oligomer. (PDF 63 kb)
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Janowski, B., Huffman, K., Schwartz, J. et al. Involvement of AGO1 and AGO2 in mammalian transcriptional silencing. Nat Struct Mol Biol 13, 787–792 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1140
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nsmb1140
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