Volume 21 Issue 1, January 2024

Ureteral stents are useful devices for urological management in pregnancy. However, stent encrustation occurs in up to 13% of patients and is related to increased indwelling time. Stent encrustation can be harmful for both the mother and the fetus, increasing their morbidity and mortality. Thus, whether prevention or cure is more cost effective is pertinent.

Approximately two-thirds of small, indeterminate lesions of the testes might be benign and not require radical orchidectomy. Management strategies are evolving to include vigilant active surveillance and excisional biopsy of the lesion with further management guided by histological outcome.

In this Review, we summarize preclinical evidence of antitumour effects upon CTLA4 inhibition. We also describe the clinical development of anti-CTLA4 in urothelial cancer. Ongoing phase III trials could establish the efficacy of anti-CTLA4 therapy and change current urothelial cancer guidelines.

Rare male sexual disorders — including post-finasteride syndrome, restless genital syndrome, post-orgasmic illness syndrome, post-SSRI sexual dysfunction, hard–flaccid syndrome, sleep-related painful erections and post-retinoid sexual dysfunction — are under-recognized and under-treated, leading to considerable morbidity, with adverse effects on individuals’ sexual health and relationships. The literature surrounding such disorders is scarce and their aetiology has not been fully elucidated. In this Review, the authors discuss possible aetiologies of these disorders, as well as the need for clinician awareness and large-scale studies to better understand how to best serve patients.

In this Perspective, the authors highlight the ethical challenges of adopting artificial intelligence (AI) in urology and its influence on daily practice. Ethical principles for the application of AI in health care and urology are proposed to improve and oversee the use of such technologies.