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Non-invasive liquid biopsies such as plasma circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) and urinary tumour DNA (utDNA) are promising tools for urothelial carcinoma diagnosis and management. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the different liquid biopsy technologies available, and discuss the current state as well as future perspectives of ctDNA and utDNA application in urothelial carcinoma clinical care.
In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the role of calcium as a driver of prostate cancer onset and progression, and discuss the most current therapies targeting the calcium signalling machinery to treat this malignancy.
In this Review, Nolla and colleagues discuss the use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) to assess health-related quality of life in six immunotherapy versus sunitinib clinical trials for advanced renal cell carcinoma and, following this discussion, make recommendations for future PROM use in clinical trials.
In this Review, current vaccine-based approaches to treat prostate cancer are described. The authors discuss results from clinical trials in which overall vaccine safety and biological activity were shown, albeit with modest clinical activity, suggesting that the future of these approaches will be as part of combination therapies with agents targeting tumour-associated immune mechanisms of resistance.
Prostate cancer depends on the hormonal environment for growth. In this Review, the authors describe how this hormonal dependency can be studied in preclinical models. Advantages and limitations of these models are discussed to maximize the transfer of knowledge from scientific research to clinical applications.
Several approaches have been used to date to reproduce human spermatogenesis in vitro, which, however, mostly result in incomplete differentiation. In this Review, the authors describe advantages and limitations of current technologies for in vitro spermatogenesis. New approaches that could lead to the clinical translation of this technology to treat patients with male factor infertility are also discussed.
In this Review, the authors describe the evolution of vaginoplasty including surgical techniques, complications, and clinical and patient-reported outcomes and consider current controversies in techniques and areas for improvement.
Here, the authors explore how environmentally driven changes in the sperm epigenome can mediate paternal contributions to offspring health. They also describe innovations in human stem cell models that can be used to elucidate the paternal origins of health and disease.
Health-related quality of life can be affected by muscle-invasive bladder cancer treatment and should be assessed all the way through patient’s care. In this Review, the authors summarize available data on patient health-related quality of life after curative local treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer, also considering the effect of different surgical procedures or urinary diversion methods on patient quality of life.
In this Review, Lopez et al. discuss the history of penile transplantation, including the procedures and outcomes of transplants to date, as well as factors to consider for consistent, optimal outcomes. The authors also discuss the future of penile transplantation and suggest updates to the Baltimore criteria.
Mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 tumour suppressor genes are associated with prostate cancer risk, but optimal screening protocols for individuals with these mutations have been a subject of debate. In this Review, the authors discuss the risk associated with BRCA1/2 mutations and consider how, and whether, a screening programme should be implemented for these individuals.