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Urinalysis has long been used as a tool for managing diseases, but 21st century techniques have enabled measurement of metabolomic urinary cancer biomarkers using NMR and mass spectrometry. In this Review, the authors discuss the current status of research developments and offer recommendations to help systematize future research in the field.
Machine learning (ML) is revolutionizing and reshaping health care, and computer-based systems can be trained to perform complex tasks in bioinformatics, medical imaging and medical robotics. In this Review, Goldenberg et al. consider ML in the management of prostate cancer, with growing applications in diagnostic imaging, surgical interventions, skills training and assessment, digital pathology and genomics.
Many of the bacterial components of the female urinary tract have been characterized, but the viral fraction of this community is largely unknown. Here, the authors describe the current knowledge of bacteriophages within the urinary tract and their possible contribution to urinary tract health.
In this Review, the authors discuss biomarker-driven prostate cancer molecular subtyping and the development of nanodiagnostic strategies to refine biomarker detection. They also describe the challenges of merging both aspects for precision prostate cancer management.
Ambulatory urodynamic monitoring (AUM) offers numerous advantages over office-based urodynamics for evaluating urological conditions. This Review describes current trends and limitations of traditional urodynamics and advantages of AUM and highlights emerging telemetric AUM devices for bladder pressure and volume monitoring.
The mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) secretome offers numerous advantages over cell-based therapy, with similar therapeutic effects. Here, the authors discuss the preclinical therapeutic promise of the MSC secretome in regenerative urology, highlighting putative mechanisms of action, characterization methods and future perspectives.
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) can promote tumorigenesis by acting directly on cancer cells and by reversing immunosuppression. Advances have been made in our understanding of the role of MIF in the promotion of, and as a treatment target for, genitourinary cancers.
In the localized prostate cancer setting, germline BRCA2 mutations confer aggressive clinicopathological features and poor outcomes. This Review discusses the clinical influence of BRCA2 mutations in localized disease, highlighting biological insights into disease aggressiveness from genomic studies and preclinical models.
Investigation of nephrourological diseases is a common indication for CT examination. However, concerns remain regarding the potential risks associated with exposure to ionizing radiation despite a lack of convincing evidence for any such effect at the low doses used for CT scanning. In this Review, experts in the field explain the data in this area and consider how elimination of unnecessary imaging and optimization of medically justified imaging must remain the basis of clinical decision-making.
The re-emerging mosquito-transmitted flavivirus Zika seems to be sexually transmitted and can persist in the male genital tract, presenting as genitourinary symptoms such as haematospermia, prostatitis, painful ejaculation, penile discharge, and oligospermia. In this Review, the authors explain the mechanisms that underlie persistent Zika infections in men and describe why these are crucial to developing guidelines, effective vaccines, and therapies.
Sexual arousal in women comprises two components: genital arousal and subjective arousal. For some women, genital arousal enhances subjective arousal; for others, the two types of arousal are desynchronous. In this Review, Meston and Stanton describe the mechanisms and the relationship between genital and subjective arousal and consider how they assist in diagnosis and treatment of sexual arousal dysfunction and development of treatments for female sexual arousal dysfunction.
In this Review, the authors describe technologies for image-guided surgery for managing lymphatic metastases in prostate cancer. Refining these technologies should increase precision in the surgical recognition of positive lymph nodes and reduce the morbidity of pelvic lymph node dissection.
