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Nutritional imbalances (such as overnutrition in obesity) alter many properties of the neurovascular system, including neurovascular coupling and blood–brain barrier permeability. This Perspective examines how lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss, including intermittent fasting, caloric restriction and physical activity, affect the neurovascular system and neuronal networks.
Graves disease, an autoimmune disease characterized by an enlarged and overactive thyroid gland, is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism in iodine-sufficient areas. In this Review, the authors describe the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and conventional treatment of Graves hyperthyroidism and Graves orbitopathy and discuss advances that have enabled development of novel treatment modalities.
This article reviews the role of the parathyroid hormone 1 receptor (PTH1R) pathway in bone homeostasis and of osteocytes as mechanosensors and drivers of bone remodelling. It will also discuss how the PTH1R–sclerostin axis can be harnessed for the treatment of bone disease induced by diabetes mellitus.
Accurate measurement of adiposity and adipose tissue distribution is essential for the treatment of obesity and cardiometabolic disease, but can often prove challenging. This Perspective discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different methods of assessing adiposity in clinical settings.
Thermal injuries trigger stress-induced endocrine responses that are critical for survival. With age, these responses falter, which results in an inability to combat burn-induced dysfunction and greatly increased mortality. Current knowledge about the post-burn endocrine response in older adults is sparse, which leaves therapeutic gaps for this vulnerable and expanding demographic.
This Review discusses the current understanding of the concept of metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), the challenges in defining MHO and how the MHO concept can be used to improve the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease.
The gut microbiota has been implicated in the increasing prevalence of thyroid disorders, including autoimmune thyroid diseases and thyroid cancers, through its effects on gut integrity, immune regulation and thyroid hormone metabolism, as outlined in this article.
Despite the mounting evidence supporting the use of intermittent fasting as a safe and effective weight loss intervention, many myths about fasting persist in popular culture. Here, we review some common beliefs about intermittent fasting that are not supported by scientific evidence.
Many studies identified an increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) during the COVID-19 pandemic, but other reports do not support this association. This Review addresses the issue of the involvement of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the development of T1DM using evidence from epidemiological, clinical and experimental studies.
The recent Consensus Statement on the diagnosis and management of prolactin-secreting pituitary adenomas (prolactinomas) drew attention to molecular pathogenetic mechanisms. We comment that somatic screening for SF3B1 hotspot variants in select cases might alert to aggressive tumour behaviour and prompt the timely management and intense follow up of these challenging tumours.
Circulating non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules are being investigated as biomarkers of endocrine tumours of the pituitary, parathyroid, pancreas and adrenal glands. This Review outlines ncRNA biology, before discussing research findings on ncRNAs in endocrine tumours and their potential utility as biomarkers, ending with an outlook for future studies.
This Review summarizes the evidence regarding the actions of gut hormones on bone homeostasis and physiology. The potential implications for the development of future therapeutics to treat bone fragility are considered.
Patients with acromegaly are commonly affected by diabetes mellitus, which occurs as a complication of growth hormone hypersecretion. This Review discusses the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus in acromegaly and explores management options in these patients.
Anti-obesity medications based on incretin hormones have advanced weight control and metabolic health in individuals with obesity. The long-term success of obesity therapeutics could be facilitated by exercise, a vital metabolic ally in enhancing treatment efficacy.
