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Cognitive dysfunction is an important comorbidity of diabetes mellitus. In this Review, Geert Jan Biessels and Florin Despa discuss the different manifestations of diabetes-mellitus-associated cognitive dysfunction. They also review the role of experimental models in improving our understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is increasing. Novel treatment modalities, particularly from the field of diabetes technologies, have eased the burden of the disease. Here, the authors review established and novel diabetes technologies used in the management of patients with T1DM.
The liver X receptor (LXR) pathway is important for maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. In this Review, the authors discuss the role of LXRs in cholesterol and lipid metabolism and the emerging strategies to target the LXR pathway to treat metabolic diseases.
The δ-cells of the pancreatic islets secrete somatostatin, which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. In this Review, the authors summarize the cellular physiology of somatostatin secretion, how this might go wrong in diabetes mellitus and potential therapeutic targets.
In this Review, the authors describe the physiology of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP1) and its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), the currently available and emerging GLP1 receptor agonists and their use to treat T2DM and other indications.
This Review focuses on the emerging preclinical evidence implicating alterations in autophagy as a pathophysiological mechanism underpinning the development of obesity and its complications. The therapeutic potential of pharmacological and nonpharmacological modulation of autophagy in obesity and its sequelae is also discussed.
Environmental factors, particularly during early life, are important for the later metabolic health of the individual. Here, Elizabeth Radford explores the extent to which epigenetic inheritance contributes to heredity and whether environmental challenges can result in epigenetic inheritance.
The prevalence of obesity in adolescents is increasing, and the management of these patients presents unique challenges not seen in adults. Here, Baur and colleagues review the different options for treating obesity in adolescents.
Iodine nutrition is a key determinant of thyroid disease risk, and continued vigilance against iodine deficiency remains essential. Here, Peter Taylor and colleagues review the global incidence and prevalence of thyroid disease, highlighting geographical differences and the effect of environmental factors, such as iodine supplementation, on these data.
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrine and metabolic disorder in premenopausal women. Here, Héctor F. Escobar-Morreale reviews the newest advances and limitations of current knowledge regarding PCOS and provides principles for the diagnosis and management of women with PCOS.
In this Review, the authors chart the history of growth hormone, from discovery to clinical development and therapeutic approval, and discuss the emerging pathophysiology and treatment of its related growth disorders, particularly in childhood. Finally, more recent developments and future strategies are highlighted.
Thyroid hormones can affect hepatic fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol synthesis. Here, Paul Yen and colleagues describe and summarize the key features of direct thyroid hormone regulation of lipogenesis, fatty acid β-oxidation, cholesterol synthesis and the reverse cholesterol transport pathway in normal and altered thyroid states.
The treatment of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (PNETs) in patients with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is challenging. Here, Thakker and colleagues discuss the current and emerging therapies to treat PNETs in patients with or without MEN1.
In this Review, the authors describe the symptoms of menopause and their physiological basis, highlighting emerging data on how ethnicity and individual factors influence symptom incidence and prevalence and how certain symptoms might predict future health risks.
The bone-derived hormone osteocalcin is not only involved with energy metabolism but is also necessary for brain development and function in mice. This Review discusses the role of osteocalcin in the regulation of cognitive function in the mouse brain and potential therapeutic opportunities.
Animal models are necessary for the discovery, validation and optimization of novel therapeutics. Here, Matthias Tschöp and colleagues consolidate the key information on the currently available animal models of obesity and diabetes mellitus and highlight the advantages, limitations and important caveats of each of these models.
Dermal white adipose tissue (dWAT) has evolved novel features that are central to skin physiology. Here, Christian Guerrero-Juarez and Maksim Plikus discuss the close connectivity between dWAT and cycling hair follicles and how, by responding to multiple hair-derived signals, dWAT periodically cycles itself.
