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G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs) can desensitize and downregulate GPCRs. In this Review, Pfleger and colleagues describe the changes in GPCR and GRK signalling in the heart under disease conditions and how GRKs can be targeted to treat heart failure.
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV infection into a chronic disease, and cardiovascular diseases are an important health concern in this setting. This Review discusses the clinical features of cardiovascular disease in patients with HIV infection, including the mechanisms underlying HIV-associated atherosclerosis and approaches to reduce the cardiovascular risk.
Infective endocarditis (IE) is not a common disease, but it has a poor prognosis. In this Review, contemporary findings concerning the epidemiology, diagnosis, therapeutic management and prevention of IE are highlighted, with a particular emphasis on innovations and changes in guidelines.
The use of polypills containing multiple pharmaceutical agents targeting the cardiovascular system in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease is controversial. In this Review, Chow and Meng discuss the barriers to the use of polypills and focus in detail on the use of fixed-dose combination pills containing low doses of multiple blood pressure-lowering drugs.
Conflicting findings about the effects of testosterone replacement therapy on the risk of cardiovascular disease have been reported in various studies and clinical trials. In this Review, Gagliano-Jucá and Basaria discuss the design, outcomes and shortcomings of studies on testosterone replacement therapy, as well as studies examining the cardiovascular effects of testosterone in vitro, in animals and in humans.
Dietary fats comprise heterogeneous molecules with diverse structures and complex health effects. This Review discusses the effects of different dietary fats on cell processes and cardiometabolic disease risk factors and clinical events, highlighting areas of controversy and future research directions to improve the prevention and management of cardiometabolic diseases through optimization of dietary fat intake.
Mutations in genes that encode components of desmosomes are the predominant cause of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy, a genetic disorder characterized by fibrofatty replacement of myocardial tissue and the risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. In this Review, the authors discuss the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of this condition.
Tricuspid valve disease, particularly tricuspid regurgitation, is a highly prevalent condition with complex pathophysiology and long-term adverse consequences. In this Review, Rodés-Cabau and colleagues discuss the latest insights on the natural history and clinical and imaging assessment of tricuspid valve disease, highlighting the surgical management and emerging transcatheter therapies that are transforming clinical practice for this challenging disease.
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are emerging as a new class of non-coding RNA molecules. In this Review, the authors discuss the current understanding of circRNA biogenesis and function, with a particular emphasis on the cardiovascular system.
Neuroimmune crosstalk has a potential role in the development and maintenance of arterial hypertension. Parati and colleagues discuss the interplay between the bone marrow, microglia and immune mediators, in particular through mechanisms involving cytokines and peptides, such as neuropeptide Y, substance P, angiotensin II and angiotensin-(1–7).
Various models of cardiac arrhythmia have been developed in several different animal species to study the mechanisms of disease. In this Review, Clauss and colleagues summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the models and species used in arrhythmia research and provide guidance to investigators planning experiments in this field.
Endothelin 1 is the most potent vasoconstrictor in the human cardiovascular system. In this Review, Dhaun and Webb discuss the biology of the endothelins and endothelin receptors and how these pathways can be therapeutically targeted in cardiovascular and renal diseases.
In this Review, Berg and colleagues discuss how to maximize the likelihood of successful resuscitation after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. The ‘chain of survival’ includes immediate recognition of cardiac arrest, early bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation, rapid defibrillation, advanced emergency medical services and integrated post-cardiac arrest care.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by low-grade, chronic inflammation, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and inflammation-resolving mechanisms dictates the clinical outcomes. This Review discusses the specific causes of inflammation and the mechanisms underlying the impaired resolution of inflammation that characterize clinically dangerous atherosclerotic lesions and highlights the potential of pro-resolving mediator therapy for the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
Many cardiovascular functions and the onset of adverse cardiovascular events are influenced by the circadian rhythm that exists in all cell types. In this Review, the authors summarize the role of the molecular clock in cardiovascular physiology and disease and suggest how circadian rhythms can be exploited, such as in chronotherapy, or targeted therapeutically.
Postoperative atrial fibrillation complicates 20–40% of cardiac surgical procedures. In this Review, the authors summarize the epidemiological and clinical features of postoperative atrial fibrillation, the available pathophysiological evidence and the recommended prophylactic and therapeutic approaches.
This Review summarizes the preclinical data on the role of T cell co-stimulatory and co-inhibitory pathways in cardiovascular disease (CVD) and discusses the therapeutic potential of targeting co-stimulation and inhibition molecules to treat CVD, as well as the evidence of an association between the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors and cardiovascular toxicity.
In this Review, the authors summarize mechanoregulated pathways in cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts that lead to altered gene expression and cell remodelling under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. They also discuss the use of systems modelling to discover new therapies to target mechanosignalling in heart disease.
In this Review, Boffa and Koschinsky discuss the role of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) as a risk factor for atherothrombotic cardiovascular disease and calcific aortic valve disease, highlighting the important function of oxidized phospholipid modifications of Lp(a), which elicit harmful signalling processes in the arterial wall and the valve leaflet, in mediating the effects of this lipoprotein on both disorders.
Transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are a family of 28 nonselective cationic channels that are heterogeneously expressed in different regions and cell types of the heart. In this Review, the authors summarize the various physiological and pathological cardiac processes in which TRP channels are involved.
