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The use of a general social evolution model to analyse how natural selection acts on virus-induced interferon (IFN) shutdown, combined with in vitro and in vivo vesicular stomatitis virus infections, reveals that the viral ability to escape IFN-based immunity is a social trait.
Dampened activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome in bat primary immune cells in response to infection with multiple zoonotic viruses is caused by decreased transcriptional priming, the presence of a unique splice variant and an altered leucine-rich repeat domain of bat NLRP3.
Bacterial DNA from Listeria monocytogenes infection is packaged within extracellular vesicles and induces paracrine cGAS–STING signalling in bystander cells to subvert host responses.
A trait-based approach used to quantify the niches of 23 species of saprotrophic wood decomposer fungi collected throughout North America provides preliminary insight into the linkages among functional trait expression, climate and phylogeny.
Near-atomic resolution structure of bluetongue virus non-structural protein 1 (NS1) provides insights into its dynamic tubular assemblies and their contribution to NS1 function in viral protein synthesis.
Heteroresistance in pathogenic bacterial clinical isolates is widespread and is mediated by unstable tandem amplification of resistance-associated genes.
The structure of adeno-associated virus (AAV) type 2 in complex with its receptor, AAVR, provides new insights on the molecular mechanism of AAV entry into host cells and will serve to optimize the design of AAV vectors for gene therapy.
In Vibriovulnificus, ribosomes containing variable rRNAs encoded by the rrnI operon (I-ribosomes) preferentially translate a subset of mRNAs involved in bacterial adaptation of environmental changes, establishing divergent rRNAs as regulators of gene expression.
Correlation of microbiome features with host quality of life and depression identified specific taxa and microbial pathways in two independent, large population cohorts, identifying links between microbial neuroactive potential and depression.
By combining imaging and single-cell RNA sequencing, the authors identify genes regulated during cell growth and division and further analyse the heterogeneity of gene expression during adaptive and acute responses to changing environments.
Suppressive combination antiretroviral therapy fails to eradicate HIV-1 latent reservoirs in poorly characterized cell compartments. Here, urethral macrophages, but not urethral T cells, are shown to contain integrated HIV-1 DNA and to be able to release infectious HIV-1 following reactivation with lipopolysaccharide.
By combining a yeast single-cell RNA-seq method that counts transcript start sites in a strand- and isoform-specific manner with index sorting, the authors uncover a linear relationship between cell size and RNA content and extreme cell heterogeneity in the expression of metabolic genes.
Combining the plaque assay with mass spectrometry imaging allowed high spatiotemporal resolution mapping of metabolites produced during viral infection of the alga Emiliania huxleyi, and revealed a shift in lipid metabolism towards odd-chain fatty acid lipids.
Type III-A CRISPR–Cas systems use a non-specific RNase, Csm6, to mediate immunity against plasmids when transcription across the target is low. This results in non-specific degradation of host and plasmid transcripts, leading to growth arrest and preventing plasmid replication.
Here the authors discover megaphages, or Lak phages, with genomes >540 kilobases in length in the gut microbiomes of a range of hosts, identify Prevotella as the bacterial host and suggest that these phages are common members of the mammalian gut microbiome.
A Drosophila melanogaster systemic infection model for the microsporidian Tubulinosema ratisbonensis reveals that the parasite hijacks host phosphatidic acid, which is a limiting precursor for synthesis of parasite membranes and therefore proliferation.
Leishmania exosomes function as viral envelopes for Leishmania RNA virus 1 (LRV1) and facilitate LRV1 transmission, resulting in more aggressive mucocutaneous disease triggered in response to the double-stranded RNA virus in the mammalian host.
Klebsiella pneumoniae from the gut microbiota of patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) can damage the intestinal epithelial barrier, resulting in bacterial translocation and T helper 17 cell responses in the liver, indicating a role in PSC pathogenesis.