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The adaptor Fc receptor common γ-chain transduces signals for many immunoreceptors. Taki and colleagues find that this adaptor 'reroutes' interleukin 3 signals to induce interleukin 4 production and T helper 2 differentiation.
The costimulatory molecule ICOS is important for the development of both interleukin 17–producing and follicular T helper cells. Kuchroo and colleagues find that ICOS induces the transcription factor c-Maf, which regulates the population expansion of both helper cell types.
Lymphocytes exit lymph nodes and return to the bloodstream through the efferent lymphatics. Cyster and colleagues show that lymphocytes exit into cortical sinuses by a pathway dependent on sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 1.
Nonsignaling chemokine receptors are thought to function as chemokine 'decoys'. Rot and colleagues now show that the nonsignaling chemokine receptor DARC functions to unidirectionally transport inflammatory chemokines toward apical endothelial surfaces.
The functional importance of TCR-induced degradation of p105 NF-κB is unclear. Ley and colleagues now show it is required for regulatory and memory T cell differentiation and for mature T cell function.
ADAR1 is an adenosine deaminase that acts on double-stranded RNA. Orkin and colleagues show that ADAR1 protects hematopoietic stem cells from interferon-induced insult and is needed to maintain long-term hematopoiesis.
Chronic infection can lead to T cell exhaustion. Wherry and colleagues demonstrate that a hierarchy of inhibitory receptors coregulate CD8+ T cell exhaustion during chronic viral infection.
Mouse lymphoid tissue–inducer (LTi) cells require the transcription factor RORγt. Cupedo's group identifies RORγt+ human LTi cell equivalents as committed natural killer cell precursors, and teams led by Vivier and Diefenbach describe RORγt-expressing interleukin 22–producing natural killer cells in mouse gut.
Mouse lymphoid tissue–inducer (LTi) cells require the transcription factor RORγt. Cupedo's group identifies RORγt+ human LTi cell equivalents as committed natural killer cell precursors, and teams led by Vivier and Diefenbach describe RORγt-expressing interleukin 22–producing natural killer cells in mouse gut.
Mouse lymphoid tissue–inducer (LTi) cells require the transcription factor RORγt. Cupedo's group identifies RORγt+ human LTi cell equivalents as committed natural killer cell precursors, and teams led by Vivier and Diefenbach describe RORγt-expressing interleukin 22–producing natural killer cells in mouse gut.
Interleukin 10 dampens inflammation and prevents excessive tissue damage during immune responses. Sotomayor and colleagues show that the histone deacetylase HDAC11 negatively regulates expression of the gene encoding interleukin 10 and immune tolerance.
Dendritic cells (DCs) can promote or inhibit T cell responses. Grogan and colleagues show that the T cell protein TIGIT, by engaging poliovirus receptor on DCs, promotes DC interleukin 10 production, which inhibits T cell activation.
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-κB signaling. The Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Foxp3 is required for the generation and function of regulatory T cells. Kuchroo and colleagues find that interleukin 4 blocks the generation of these cells but promotes T helper cells that produce interleukins 9 and 10.
Suppression of the kinase NIK prevents NF-κB signaling. The Cheng and Karin labs demonstrate that adaptor proteins TRAF2 and TRAF3 and ubiquitin ligases cIAP1 and cIAP2 regulate NIK degradation.
Foxo transcription factors are linked to complex regulatory circuits governed by the availability of phosphatidylinositol-3,4,5-trisphosphate. Rickert and colleagues show that Foxo1 has nonredundant functions at many stages of B cell development.
Classically activated macrophages are targets of intracellular bacteria such as Mycobacteria tuberculosis. Murray and colleagues find that such pathogens induce arginase 1 in these macrophages to block the production of antibacterial nitric oxide.
Mature B cell survival requires signals from the BCR and from the BLyS receptor BR3. Michael Cancro and colleagues demonstrate crosstalk between these pathways, as BCR signals supply a substrate needed for BR3 signal transmission.
Dicer proteins direct RNA-interference activities. Imler and colleagues show that Dicer-2 induces Vago-dependent antiviral response in flies and that Dicer proteins are related to RIG-I viral sensors.
TGF-β promotes the differentiation of TH-17 and regulatory T cells. Stockinger and colleagues show that TGF-β also directs differentiation of a unique interleukin 9–producing T cell subset.