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Merlini, Rafalski et al. show that dynamic microglial brain surveillance prevents hyperexcitability and seizures by Gi-dependent microglia–neuron interactions in response to evoked neuronal activity to maintain physiological network synchronization.
Learning to suppress maladaptive behaviors is critical for good mental health. Kim et al. show that mice can be taught to suppress previously acquired motor responses by selective and properly timed stimulation of the cerebello-olivary pathway.
Toren et al. show that outcomes that are better or worse than expected lengthen or shorten the perceived duration of stimuli, respectively, and that this interaction between teaching signals and time perception occurs in the human striatum.
This study shows that the dorsal hippocampus is necessary for goal-directed action, but only transiently, during initial learning. Convergently, goal-directed actions also depend transiently on the physical context.
Brain connectivity and normalized wiring costs are conserved across mammals independently of brain size according to a common principle: species with fewer interhemispheric connections exhibit better intrahemispheric connectivity.
Proteome-wide association studies of brain samples from older adults revealed effects of cerebral atherosclerosis and Alzheimer’s disease. A subset of proteins and protein co-expression modules were associated with both, suggesting shared mechanisms.
Greater novelty and diversity in one’s daily physical environment is associated with positive affect, and functional connectivity within a hippocampal–striatal circuit is related to the strength of this effect.
A new subset of disease-associated astrocytes (DAAs) is identified in a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease by single-nucleus RNA sequencing. DAAs are also found in aged wild-type mice, suggesting a link to genetic and age-related factors.
Balezeau et al. find a primate homolog of the human language pathway within the auditory system of monkeys and apes. This discovery pushes back the human language pathway’s origin by about 20 million years and illuminates its remarkable evolutionary transformation.
Durante et al. report the presence of active neurogenic niches in adult humans using single-cell RNA sequencing of the human olfactory neuroepithelium. Data from the olfactory neuroepithelium niche provide evidence that neuron production may continue for decades in humans.
Wang et al. show that myelination is greatly inhibited in aged brains. Enhancing myelination by ablation of M1R in OPCs or clemastine treatment promotes oligodendroglial differentiation and consequently rescues spatial memory decline during aging.
Maes et al. use second-order conditioning, blocking and optogenetic inhibition to show that cue-evoked dopamine transients function as temporal-difference prediction errors rather than reward predictions.
Arc, a master regulator of synaptic plasticity, can mediate intercellular RNA transfer. Arc evolved from retrotransposon genes. Erlendsson et al. present structures of retroviral-like Arc capsids as a basis to understand their function.