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Recent studies suggest a close interaction between sensory and motor processes across the neocortex. In this Perspective, Rao proposes active predictive coding as a sensory–motor theory that explains the structure of the neocortex as well as some of its diverse computational capabilities.
Using a closed-loop virtual reality system, the authors show that optic flow cues can causally drive and recalibrate the hippocampal place cell system in the absence of an absolute spatial reference frame defined by external landmarks.
The involvement of age-related myelin damage in Alzheimer’s disease is unclear. Kedia et al. show that T cell-mediated microglia activation triggers a response against myelinating oligodendrocytes contributing to neurodegenerative diseases with amyloidosis.
We present a developmental atlas that offers insight into sequential epigenetic changes underlying early human brain development modeled in organoids, which reconstructs the differentiation trajectories of all major CNS regions. It shows that epigenetic regulation via the installation of activating histone marks precedes activation of groups of neuronal genes.
A probe incorporating 1,024 simultaneously recorded channels with shank length up to 90 mm exhibits high chronic recording stability and enables brain-wide large-scale neural population recordings with single-cell resolution in non-human primates.
The mechanisms underlying human cell diversity are unclear. Here the authors provide a single-cell epigenome map of human neural organoid development and dissect how epigenetic changes control cell fate specification from pluripotency to distinct cerebral and retina neural types.
Astrocytes have important roles in the repair of the CNS. However, the underlying mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. O’Shea et al. report that the functional reprogramming of astrocytes at the borders of traumatic lesions contributes to the re-establishment of CNS integrity by separating the parenchyma from stromal and immune cells.
The features of astrocytes surrounding CNS lesions are unclear. Here the authors show that after spinal cord injury or stroke in mice, mature astrocytes dedifferentiate, proliferate and are reprogrammed to adopt features of wound repair cells and form borders, re-establishing CNS integrity.
This Review provides a framework for incorporating APOE into Alzheimer’s disease (AD) clinical care by bridging recent advances in APOE and AD research with emerging clinical applications for APOE testing and ApoE-targeted therapies.
This theoretical study shows that dopaminergic reward prediction error neurons encode experienced rewards efficiently, which explains four major aspects of the neural population. This efficient code can be learned with local updates for each neuron.
The authors examine the role of medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) in learning complex timing behavior. MEC inactivation disrupts task learning, and MEC time cells display context-dependent dynamics that evolve over learning and predict timing behavior.
A sparsely connected network, organized in clusters, identified in the rat lateral amygdala shows potentiation between recruited neurons after fear conditioning. This implies a mechanism for encoding multiple memories with a small number of neurons.
The mechanisms regulating microglial response to brain injury are unclear. Here, the authors show that astrocytic ATP dynamics encode injury information and trigger microglia response affecting the tissue damage and recovery of function following injury in mice.
The thalamus is important for neocortical functional specialization. Here the authors show its shifting role in shaping large-scale functional organization during early life in humans, particularly in developing the internal–external cortical hierarchy.
Cognitive control is crucial for present and future success and therefore is a frequent target of interventions. This study showed that training cognitive control in a large sample of 6–13-year-old children did not lead to any behavioral or neural changes, either immediately or 1 year after training.