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Hypertension can lead to cognitive impairment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here, the authors show that meningeal T cell-produced interleukin-17 activates border-associated macrophages, affecting neurovascular and cognitive functions in a mouse model of hypertension.
Perl et al. show that in PTSD, hippocampal representations of autobiographical memories are similar across people with similar semantic content only for sad but not traumatic memories, pointing to altered brain state during traumatic memory recall.
Benisty, Barson et al. show that motor behaviors are represented by fast changes in the activity magnitude and functional connectivity across the mouse neocortex, which provides insight into the relationship between neural signals and behavior.
Li et al. developed a base-editing system to edit mutations linked to autism. Targeting a mutation in Mef2c restored Mef2c protein levels in several brain regions and reversed behavioral changes in Mef2c-mutant mice.
The authors identify a cluster of ~160 peptidergic neurons in the mouse brainstem whose activity is necessary and sufficient for producing sound and controlling sound volume. These neurons form the final common pathway for vocalization.
Parker et al. recorded neural activity in V1 of freely moving mice and freely gazing marmosets. In both species, neurons respond to gaze shifts in a temporal sequence, such that new visual input is processed in a ‘coarse’ to ‘fine’ manner.
Stathmin-2 is lost in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here the authors show that stathmin-2 has an essential role in the maintenance of axon structure, with its loss from adult motor neurons resulting in axonal collapse and muscle denervation.
Wang et al. showed that genetic disruption of TFEB and v-ATPase-mediated lysosomal signaling leads to increased tau pathology but defective microglia activation, demonstrating an essential role of the lysosome in regulating microglia activity.
This study by Zielinski et al. used cryo-EM to compare Aβ fibril structures from mouse models to those from patients with Alzheimer’s disease. It revealed that tg-APPArcSwe mice exhibit fibrils resembling those predominantly found in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease cases.
Sayar-Atasoy et al. monitored the activity of hypothalamic AgRP hunger neurons throughout the day and showed that these neurons anticipate meal time by integrating information about past circadian feeding experience with ongoing metabolic needs.
The authors show that neural activity and synaptic plasticity in the orbitofrontal cortex mediate multiple timescales of reinforcement learning (RL) for meta-RL, which parallels a form of meta-RL in artificial intelligence.
Nelson et al. report that the APOE-R136S mutation protects against APOE4-promoted Alzheimer’s disease pathologies, including phosphorylated Tau accumulation, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, in mouse and human neuron models.
The authors describe the connectivity, response profile and behavioral roles of two transcriptionally defined amygdala populations from separate embryonic lineages and show how responses of one population change with social experience.
This study applies topological analysis to hippocampal ripple waveforms, uncovering a low-dimensional continuum that encodes layer-specific synaptic input information. It also reveals how ripple waveforms vary during wakefulness, sleep and learning.
Experiments in human cortical organoid and mouse models of SYNGAP1 haploinsufficiency, which is associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), reveal altered cortical neurogenesis, suggesting that a non-synaptic mechanism contributes to the disorder.
McGinty and Lupkin show that value-based choices in monkeys are explained by multi-neuron activity patterns in the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) that are not evident in single cells. Identifying this neural–behavioral link sheds light on the OFC’s role in decision-making.
Radulescu et al. show that homeostatic mechanisms that reduce cortical activity following overstimulation are dysregulated later in life, such that overstimulation results in synaptic strengthening, elevated activity and cognitive impairment.
The study by Pallucchi et al. links the molecular identity of motoneuron and V2a interneuron subtypes to their function and uncovers orthogonal transcriptomic rules for their assembly into separate circuit modules controlling locomotor speed.