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Antibiotics and other pharmaceuticals given to humans and livestock are increasingly contaminating rivers, groundwater and soils, according to early results from three European studies.
Drug-contaminated waste water is a potential risk to both human health and the environment, the studies' participants say. Treating sewage with ozone would be the best way of cutting the drug residues, they suggest.
Groups behind the three European Union-funded studies released their results at a Gothenburg press conference on 27 June. They reported that high concentrations of excreted antibiotics have been found in hospital and household sewage, slurry and water used for irrigation. Antibiotics and their metabolites also reach the environment directly from the urine and faeces of farm animals, the scientists find.
Researchers worry that the growing levels of antibiotics in the environment may damage ecosystems and fuel a surge in antibiotic resistance among humans and animals. “Antibacterial resistance from farm animals can be transferred to humans, and is increasingly threatening the effective management of infectious diseases,” says Wolfgang Witte, a microbiologist at the Robert Koch Institute in Wernigerode, Germany.
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Officials at the European Union say the studies, and other similar ones, are likely to form the basis of new management procedures for medicines. Water companies and hospitals could also be required to take further steps to extract antibiotics from certain stages of the water cycle. This could be done, for example, by using separation techniques on the urine from hospital patients, and by injecting ozone into effluent at sewage plants.
Scientists involved in one of the projects, called Poseidon, found 35 pharmaceutical compounds, including five antibiotics, in the effluent of a local sewage plant in Braunschweig, Germany, and in local rivers. Concentrations in the effluent reached several micrograms per litre, with those in rivers and groundwater measuring 1.0–2.5 micrograms per litre, depending on the compound. Measurements taken at sewage plants in Poland, Switzerland, France and Austria revealed similarly high drug concentrations.
“Concentrations were particularly high in small rivers and streams that take a large amount of municipal waste water,” says Thomas Ternes, a chemist at Germany's Federal Institute of Hydrology, and project coordinator of Poseidon.
In a parallel project, called ERAVMIS, researchers in Denmark, the Netherlands, Britain and Spain assessed the fate of veterinary medicines in slurry, made from manure, that is applied to the land as fertilizer. They found that tetracyclines, a group of antibiotics widely used in livestock, cling to soil, degrading slowly. Concentrations remained high six months after application.
A third project, carried out by researchers in Sweden, Greece, Italy and France, also monitored effluents from sewage plants.
“There is clear evidence that some veterinary antibiotics persist in soils, and can move to rivers and streams and enter groundwater,” says Alistair Boxall, an environmental chemist at Cranfield University, UK, and project coordinator of ERAVMIS.
The environmental effects of these compounds remain unclear, however. Researchers found no acute toxic effects on crops, worms, insects or fish. But they did find adverse effects on soil bacteria and some aquatic plants.
“Antibiotics can change the growth, enzyme activity and diversity of soil microbes,” says Boxall. This may lead to a larger ecological problem, he adds, “but we don't know how big it is”. More research is needed to determine whether microbial pathogens are becoming resistant to standard antibiotics, he says.
One recent analysis of raw sewage at the University Hospital of Würzburg, Germany, found that concentrations of antibiotics were not high enough to allow the selection of pathogenic bacteria resistant to them (K. Ohlsen et al. Environ. Microbiol.; in the press). But risks cannot be discounted on the basis of this result, says study co-author Thomas Ternes, a chemist at Germany's Federal Institute of Hydrology in Koblenz.
Ternes, the project coordinator of Poseidon, suggests that 'ozonation' of sewage is the most efficient way to eliminate unwanted residues. Ozone can be readily extracted from air, and it breaks down 99% of antibiotics and other drugs, he says.
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Schiermeier, Q. Studies assess risks of drugs in water cycle. Nature 424, 5 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/424005a
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/424005a