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Diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia from chest X-rays via deep learning
This issue highlights the development and application of machine-learning models for a wide range of biomedical and clinical problems, in particular the measurement of retinal-vessel calibre in retinal photographs, the diagnosis of COVID-19 pneumonia from chest X-rays, the prediction of breast cancer risk from ultrasound images, the detection of chronic kidney disease and type-2 diabetes from retinal images, the prediction of one-year all-cause mortality from echocardiography videos, the optimization of therapeutic antibodies, and the acceleration of antimicrobial discovery.
The cover illustrates an automated deep-learning pipeline for the identification and discrimination of viral, non-viral and COVID-19 pneumonia from chest X-rays.
Image: Guangyu Wang (Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications) and Kang Zhang (Macau University of Science and Technology). Cover Design: Allen Beattie.
An efficient protocol for the preparation of DNA libraries for the analysis of methylation patterns in cell-free DNA in plasma enhances the sensitivity of bisulfite sequencing for the early detection of lung cancer.
The proliferation of synthetic data in artificial intelligence for medicine and healthcare raises concerns about the vulnerabilities of the software and the challenges of current policy.
Deep-learning models for the automated measurement of retinal-vessel calibre in retinal photographs perform comparably to or better than expert graders in associations of measurements of retinal-vessel calibre with cardiovascular risk factors.
An automated deep-learning pipeline for chest-X-ray-image standardization, lesion visualization and disease diagnosis can identify viral pneumonia caused by COVID-19, assess its severity, and discriminate it from other types of pneumonia.
An explainable deep-learning system prospectively predicts clinical scores for breast cancer risk from multimodal breast-ultrasound images as accurately as experienced radiologists.
Deep-learning models trained on retinal fundus images can be used to identify chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes and to predict the risk of the progression of these diseases.
A deep learning model trained on raw pixel data in hundreds of thousands of echocardiographic videos for the prediction of one-year all-cause mortality outperforms clinical scores and improves predictions by cardiologists.
A data-efficient and interpretable deep-learning method for the multi-class classification of whole-slide images that relies only on slide-level labels is applied to the detection of lymph node metastasis and to cancer subtyping.
Adversarial learning can be used to develop high-performing networks trained on unannotated medical images of varying image quality, and to adapt pretrained supervised networks to new domain-shifted datasets.
Deep methylation sequencing aided by a machine-learning classifier of methylation patterns enables the detection of early cancers from plasma samples at dilution factors as low as 1/10,000.
Therapeutic antibodies can be optimized using deep-learning models trained on antibody-mutagenesis libraries to generate antibody variants and predict their antigen specificity.
A computational method leveraging deep learning and molecular dynamics simulations enables the rapid discovery of antimicrobial peptides with low toxicity and with high potency against diverse Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.