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Evaluation of renal arteries for radiofrequency renal denervation. (A) Simultaneous quadrantal ablations at four sites in the main renal artery or the equivalent renal artery to the main renal artery. (B) If there is a renal artery branch with a diameter >3 mm in the middle of the main renal artery, this branch is the distal end of the main renal artery. In this case, four simultaneous and quadrantal ablations can be performed on the equivalent renal arteries. (C) Four simultaneous and quadrantal ablations can be performed in the branch renal artery. (D) Sonication should be spaced at least 5 mm (one transducer*) apart. Perform 2 to 3 mm proximal to the arterial bifurcation. Perform 2 to 3 mm distal to the abdominal aortic inlet.
This mini-review focuses on the effects of RDN on organ protection and physiological function and symptoms in preclinical and clinical studies. RDN is expected to reduce the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases including myocardial infarction, heart failure, and stroke in clinical practice.