GI Motility Online

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From the following article

Pathophysiology of achalasia and diffuse esophageal spasm

Ikuo Hirano

GI Motility online (2006)

doi:10.1038/gimo22

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Figure 1 - Unfortunately we are unable to provide accessible alternative text for this. If you require assistance to access this image, or to obtain a text description, please contact npg@nature.com

Figure 1

Timed barium swallow.

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Figure 2

Esophageal manometric findings in achalasia.

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Figure 3

Contour plot topographic analysis of esophageal motility in achalasia.

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Figure 4

Esophageal manometric findings in vigorous achalasia.

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Figure 5

Esophageal manometric findings in achalasia variant with preserved LES relaxation.

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Figure 6

Histopathology of achalasia.

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Figure 7

In vitro study demonstrating the effects of electrical field stimulation (EFS) on circular muscle strips from the LES of control subjects (a) and patients with achalasia (b).

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Figure 8

a: Effect of nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) on LES relaxation in the opossum in vivo.

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Figure 9

Effect of recombinant hemoglobin that inactivates nitric oxide on esophageal peristalsis in a human subject.

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Figure 10

Pathophysiology of idiopathic achalasia.

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Figure 11

Esophageal manometry in diffuse esophageal spasm.

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Figure 12

Radiographic examination of diffuse esophageal spasm.

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Figure 13

Contour plot topographic analysis of esophageal motility and esophagram in diffuse esophageal spasm.

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Figure 14

Failed deglutitive inhibition in diffuse esophageal spasm.

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Table 1

Classification of secondary causes of achalasia

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