Surface-energy effects, such as the Kelvin effect, that regulate the formation of ice determine the observed abundance, distribution and evolution of CO in protoplanetary disks.
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References
Öberg, K. I., Murray-Clay, R. & Bergin, E. A. The effects of snowlines on C/O in planetary atmospheres. Astrophys. J. Lett. 743, L16 (2011). This paper reports that the abundance ratios in disks set the initial abundance ratios in planetary atmospheres.
Öberg, K. I. & Bergin, E. A. Astrochemistry and compositions of planetary systems. Phys. Rep. 893, 1–48 (2020). A review article that presents the chemical inheritances of planetary systems.
Zhang, K., Bergin, E. A., Schwarz, K., Krijt, S. & Ciesla, F. Systematic variations of CO gas abundance with radius in gas-rich protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 883, 98 (2019). This paper reports that CO is notably depleted in several well-studied protoplanetary disks.
Ballering, N. P., Cleeves, L. I. & Anderson, D. E. Simulating observations of ices in protoplanetary disks. Astrophys. J. 920, 115 (2021). This paper reports that it may be possible to study CO ice features in detail with the new James Webb Space Telescope observatory.
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This is a summary of: Powell, D. et al. Depletion of gaseous CO in protoplanetary disks by surface-energy-regulated ice formation. Nat. Astron. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01741-9 (2022)
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Ice formation physics explains puzzling observations of CO in planetary birthplaces. Nat Astron 6, 1116–1117 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01742-8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-022-01742-8