Early-career scientists with full-time jobs in US academia earn an average of US$58,000 annually, less than those in industry, non-profit or government, says a report from the US National Science Foundation (NSF). Industry pays the most: $100,000 per year in early career, and $130,000 for those 10 years past their PhDs. Academics who got a doctorate a decade ago or more earn $93,000 a year on average. Daniel Foley, a statistician for the NSF in Arlington, Virginia, says that the data underscore the need to train researchers for work outside academia.