Abstract
With the aim of further investigating the molecular evolution of beta defensin genes, after having analysed beta defensin 1 (DEFB1) in humans and several nonhuman primate species, we have studied the evolution of the beta defensin 2 gene (DEFB2), which codifies for a peptide with antimicrobial and chemoattractant activity, in humans and 16 primate species. We have found evidence of positive selection during the evolution of orthologous DEFB2 genes at two points on a phylogenetic tree relating these primates: during the divergence of the platyrrhines from the catarrhines and during the divergence of the Cercopithecidae from the Hylobatidae, Great Apes and humans. Furthermore, amino acid variations in Old World Monkeys seem to centre either on residues that are involved in oligomerisation in the human molecule, or that are conserved (40–80%) in beta-defensins in general. It is thus likely that these variations affect the biological function of the molecules and suggest that their synthesis and functional analysis might reveal interesting new information as to their role in innate immunity.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution
Access options
Subscribe to this journal
Receive 6 digital issues and online access to articles
$119.00 per year
only $19.83 per issue
Buy this article
- Purchase on Springer Link
- Instant access to full article PDF
Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout
Similar content being viewed by others
Accession codes
References
Harder J, Bartels J, Christophers E, Schroder JM . A peptide antibiotic from human skin. Nature 1997; 387: 861.
Harder J, Meyer-Hoffert U, Teran LM et al. Mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta, but not IL-6, induce human beta-defensin-2 in respiratory epithelia. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22: 714–721.
Hao HN, Zhao J, Lotoczky G, Grever WE, Lyman WD . Induction of human beta-defensin-2 expression in human astrocytes by lipopolysaccharide and cytokines. J Neurochem 2001; 77: 1027–1035.
Liu AY, Destoumieux D, Wong AV et al. Human beta-defensin- 2 production in keratinocytes is regulated by interleukin-1, bacteria, and the state of differentiation. J Invest Dermatol 2002; 118: 275–281.
Singh PK, Jia HP, Wiles K et al. Production of beta-defensins by human airway epithelia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 14961–14966.
Hoover DM, Rajashankar KR, Blumenthal R et al. The structure of human beta-defensin-2 shows evidence of higher order oligomerization. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 32911–32918.
Yang D, Chertov O, Bykovskaia SN et al. Beta-defensins: linking innate and adaptive immunity through dendritic and T cell CCR6. Science 1999; 286: 525–528.
Tanaka T, Nei M . Positive Darwinian selection observed at the variable-region genes of immunoglobulins. Mol Biol Evol 1989; 6: 447–459.
Hughes AL, Ota T, Nei M . Positive Darwinian selection promotes charge profile diversity in the antigen-binding cleft of class I major-histocompatibility-complex molecules. Mol Biol Evol 1990; 7: 515–524.
Purvis A . A composite estimate of primate phylogeny. Philos Trans R Soc London B Biol Sci 1995; 348: 405–421.
Eisenberg D . Three-dimensional structure of membrane and surface proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 1984; 53: 595–623.
Del Pero M, Boniotto M, Zuccon D et al. Beta-defensin 1 gene variability among non-human primates. Immunogenetics 2002; 53: 907–913.
Bauer F, Schweimer K, Kluver E et al. Structure determination of human and murine beta-defensins reveals structural conservation in the absence of significant sequence similarity. Protein Sci 2001; 10: 2470–2479.
Perez-Canadillas JM, Zaballos A, Gutierrez J et al. NMR solution structure of murine CCL20/MIP-3alpha, a chemokine that specifically chemoattracts immature dendritic cells and lymphocytes through its highly specific interaction with the beta-chemokine receptor CCR6. J Biol Chem 2001; 276: 28372–28379.
Hoover DM, Boulegue C, Yang D et al. The structure of human macrophage inflammatory protein-3alpha /CCL20. Linking antimicrobial and CC chemokine receptor-6-binding activities with human beta-defensins. J Biol Chem 2002; 277: 37647–37654.
Sambrook J, Fritsch EF, Maniatis T . Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: New York, 1989.
Walsh PS, Metzger DA, Higuchi R . Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques 1991; 10: 506–513.
Aiyar A . The use of CLUSTAL W and CLUSTAL X for multiple sequence alignment. Methods Mol Biol 2000; 132: 221–241.
Nei M, Gojobori T . Simple methods for estimating the numbers of synonymous and nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions. Mol Biol Evol 1986; 3: 418–426.
Kumar S, Tamura K, Jakobsen IB, Nei M . MEGA2: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis software. Bioinformatics 2001; 17: 1244–1245.
Zhang J, Rosenberg HF, Nei M . Positive Darwinian selection after gene duplication in primate ribonuclease genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 3708–3713.
Acknowledgements
This research was in part supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of the Universities and Scientific Research (PRIN 2001). N Antcheva is supported by a grant from the EU PANAD project QLRT-2000-00411. The collaboration of J Masters is made possible by the NRF Science Liaison Centre, Pretoria.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Boniotto, M., Tossi, A., DelPero, M. et al. Evolution of the beta defensin 2 gene in primates. Genes Immun 4, 251–257 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6363958
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.gene.6363958
Keywords
This article is cited by
-
Positive selection in cathelicidin host defense peptides: adaptation to exogenous pathogens or endogenous receptors?
Heredity (2017)
-
Evolution of the avian β-defensin and cathelicidin genes
BMC Evolutionary Biology (2015)
-
The Flow of Antimicrobial Peptide Genes Through a Genetic Barrier Between Mytilus edulis and M. galloprovincialis
Journal of Molecular Evolution (2009)
-
Selection on an Antimicrobial Peptide Defensin in Ants
Journal of Molecular Evolution (2008)
-
Modification of chicken avian β-defensin-8 at positively selected amino acid sites enhances specific antimicrobial activity
Immunogenetics (2007)