Abstract
THERMO-OSMOSIS may be defined as the passage of a fluid through a membrane against the hydrostatic pressure, due to a temperature gradient. It was first observed by Lippmann1 in the passage of water through membranes of gelatine, etc. The fact that temperature gradients are able to give rise to a flow of matter is shown also by such varied phenomena as the thermal effusion of a gas through a porous diaphragm, the fountain effect in helium II, and also (in multicomponent systems) by thermal diffusion and the Soret effect.
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References
Lippmann, C.R. Acad. Sci., Paris, 145, 104, 105 (1907).
Aubert, Ann. Chim. Phys., 26, 145, 551 (1912). Also, Freundlich, "Colloid and Capillary Chemistry", 272 (1926).
de Groot, J. de Phys. et Le Radium, 8, 188 (1947); Physica, 13, 555 (1947). Also Derjaguin and Sidorenkov, C.R. Acad. Sci., U.R.S.S., 32, 622 (1941). For review see Hutchison, Nixon and Denbigh, Trans. Farad. Soc., Discussion No. 3, 86 (1948).
Onsager, Phys. Rev., 37, 405 (1931); 38, 2265 (1931).
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DENBIGH, K. Thermo-osmosis of Gases through a Membrane. Nature 163, 60 (1949). https://doi.org/10.1038/163060a0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/163060a0
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